Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo

Last updated April 27, 2019

Nicolas Antonio de Arredondo Nicolas Antonio de Arredondo.png — Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo

Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo, Pelegrin, Ahedo Zorilla de San Martin y Venero (17 April 1726 – 4 April 1802)^[1] was a Spanish soldier and politician born in the village of Bárcena de Cicero on Spain's Atlantic Coast. He was the fourth viceroy of the Río de la Plata between 4 December 1789 and 16 March 1795.

Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco). Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.

Bárcena de Cicero is a municipality located in the autonomous community of Cantabria, Spain. According to the 2007 census, the city has a population of 2.546 inhabitants. Its capital is Gama.

A viceroy is an official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roy, meaning "king". A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty, though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal, less often viceroyal. The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure, although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy's wife.

Biography

Before entering politics Arrendondo fought in wars on Italy, where he earned military prestige. He was sent to the Americas and took political roles in Cuba. Afterwards, he was designed as governor in La Plata, modern Bolivia. In 1789 he was designated as viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, after the departure of Nicolás del Campo.^[2] As viceroy, he improved the layout of the streets of Buenos Aires and fortified the city of Montevideo. He created local councils and police corps, gave a boost to animal husbandry, mediated between the conflicts of business people and ranchers, and fought against contraband. He resigned in 1795 and returned to Spain, remaining involved in politics until his death.

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet. It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometres (42,800 sq mi). The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean, with an area of 105,006 square kilometres (40,543 sq mi), and the second-most populous after Hispaniola, with over 11 million inhabitants.

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. The capital is Sucre while the seat of government and financial center is located in La Paz. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales a mostly flat region in the east of Bolivia.

The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of the Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in America.

His son, José Joaquín de Arredondo, was a Spanish soldier in New Spain in the two decades before Mexican independence.^[3]

José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño (1776–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It covered a huge area that included territories in North America, South America, Asia and Oceania. It originated in 1521 after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest, which did not properly end until much later, as its territory continued to grow to the north. It was officially created on 8 March 1535 as a viceroyalty, the first of four viceroyalties Spain created in the Americas. Its first viceroy was Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, and the capital of the viceroyalty was Mexico City, established on the ancient Mexico-Tenochtitlan.

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The Viceroyalty of Peru was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. The Viceroyalty of Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.

The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared full independence with provisions for a national constitution.

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Gabriel de Avilés Itúrbide y del Fierro, 2nd Marquis of Avilés was a Spanish military officer and colonial administrator in the Americas. He was governor of Chile, viceroy of Río de la Plata, and viceroy of Peru.

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Miguel de Azcuénaga was an Argentine brigadier. Educated in Spain, at the University of Seville, Azcuénaga began his military career in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and became a member of the Primera Junta, the first autonomous government of modern Argentina. He was shortly exiled because of his support to the minister Mariano Moreno, and returned to Buenos Aires when the First Triumvirate replaced the Junta. He held several offices since then, most notably being the first Governor intendant of Buenos Aires after the May Revolution. He died at his country house in 1833.

Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo was a Spanish colonial politician born in New Spain, and Viceroy of the Río de la Plata.

Don Rafael de Sobremonte y Núñez del Castillo, 3rd Marquis of Sobremonte, third Marquis of Sobremonte, was an aristocrat, military man and Spanish colonial administrator, and Viceroy of the Río de la Plata. He was accused of cowardice by the people of Buenos Aires after escaping the city during the British invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806.

Pascual Ruiz Huidobro, was a Spanish soldier in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, who fought against the British invasions of the Río de la Plata as Governor of Montevideo.

Nicolás Francisco Cristóbal del Campo, Marquis of Loreto was a Spanish politician and soldier who occupied several posts in the Spanish American colonies, mainly in the River Plate area.

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Pedro de Melo de Portugal y Vilhena was a Spanish soldier and politician, who served as viceroy in the Rio de la Plata.

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References

↑ Bradley Folsom, Joaquín de Arredondo in Texas and Northeastern New Spain, 1811–1821, Ph.D. Diss., University of North Texas, 2014, pp. 18, 42, https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699939/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf
↑ "Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata" . Retrieved 2009-11-06.
↑ Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online

Preceded by Nicolás del Campo	Viceroy of the Río de la Plata 1789–1795	Succeeded by Pedro Melo de Portugal y Villena

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[1] Bradley Folsom, Joaquín de Arredondo in Texas and Northeastern New Spain, 1811–1821, Ph.D. Diss., University of North Texas, 2014, pp. 18, 42, https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699939/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf

[2] "Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata" . Retrieved 2009-11-06.

[3] Joaquín de Arredondo from the Handbook of Texas Online