Nord-Trøndelag (Urban East Norwegian:[ˈnûːˌʈrœndəlɑːɡ]ⓘ; "North Trøndelag") was a county constituting the northern part of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. It bordered the old Sør-Trøndelag ("South Trøndelag") county as well as the county of Nordland. To the west is the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean), and to the east is Jämtland in Sweden. The county was established in 1804 when the old Trondhjems amt was divided into two: Nordre Trondhjems amt and Søndre Trondhjems amt. In 2016, the two county councils voted to merge (back) into a single county on 1 January 2018.[4]
As of 1 January 2014, the county had 135,142 inhabitants,[5] making it the country's fourth-least populated county. The largest municipalities are Stjørdal, Steinkjer (the county seat), Levanger, Namsos, and Verdal, all with between 24,000 and 12,000 inhabitants. The economy is primarily centered on services, although there are significant industries in agriculture, fisheries, hydroelectricity and forestry. It has the lowest gross domestic product per capita of any county in the country.
Nord-Trøndelag covered 22,412 square kilometres (8,653sqmi), making it the sixth-largest county, and it consisted of 23 municipalities. The district of Innherred runs along the east side of the Trondheimsfjord, and is the most populated area, with much farming. To the south lies the district of Stjørdalen, while in the north, the larger district of Namdalen stretches from the Norwegian Sea to the mountains bordering Sweden. West of the Trondheimsfjord lays Fosen. Nord-Trøndelag bordered Sør-Trøndelag county to the south and Nordland county to the north. The western part of the county has several large valleys and consists largely of unpopulated wilderness, including four national parks. Snåsavatnet is the largest lake, while major rivers include Namsen, Verdalselva and Stjørdalselva.
Innherred was an important area during the Viking Age and featured the Battle of Stiklestad. The county was created in 1804 and was known as "Nordre Trondhjems amt" until 1919. Since the 1950s, the county has experienced a population growth below national levels. The axis north–south through the country past Grong and along the west side of Trondheim Fjord is a main transport artery, including the European Route E6 and the Nordland Line.
Geography
Nord-Trøndelag bordered Nordland to the north, Sør-Trøndelag to the south, Sweden to the east and the Norwegian Sea to the west. The county seat was the town of Steinkjer, with 20,527 inhabitants (2005). The largest lake is Snåsavatnet and the largest river is Namsen, one of the best salmon rivers in Europe. Other well known salmon rivers are as Verdalselva and Stjørdalselva. Salsvatnet is the second-deepest lake in Europe, with a maximum depth of 482 metres (1,581ft). Another lake in the area is Byavatnet. Stjørdal is the biggest town in the county. There are local hospitals in Levanger and Namsos.
A large part of the population lives near the large Trondheimsfjord, which is a central feature of the southern part of this county. In the north are other fjords, mainly the Namsenfjord and Foldafjord. Areas on the eastern and northeastern shore of Trondheimsfjord (mainly in Stjørdal, Frosta, Levanger, Inderøy, Verdal, and Steinkjer) are fertile agricultural lowland, with grain fields and vegetables. Together with the grain fields in the Namdalen lowland, this forms the most northern grain cultivation area in Norway today.
However, the spruce dominated forest (some birch) covers a much larger area, and Nord-Trøndelag is the second largest timber producing county in Norway (after Hedmark). The forest and highland in Nord-Trøndelag is one of few places in Norway with four species of deer (moose, roe deer, red deer and reindeer). There are mountains near the border with Sweden, and coastal mountains with bare rock at the northern coast. The spruce forests occurs even at the coast, where some areas are classified as temperate rainforest (boreal rainforest, see Scandinavian coastal conifer forests). There are several national parks in the county, among them Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park (one of the largest in Norway), Børgefjell National Park (partly), Lierne National Park and Skarvan and Roltdalen National Park (partly).
The first people in Nord-Trøndelag settled in Flatanger and Leka between 7500 and 6000BCE, and were migrating northwards along the coast. In about the same time, people moved upwards along the Trondheimsfjord.[6] The first farmers migrated to Stjørdal around 2000BCE in the Stone Age.[7] Early agriculture was based mostly on animals, which allowed people to remain nomads and combine stockbreeding with gathering.[8] Around 2300 to 2000BCE, the spruce spread into the county, and by 1300 CE, the landscape was dominated by spruce like today.[9] During the early Bronze Age, from 1800 to1000 BCE, the first large graves were built in the Trondheimsfjord area.[7] The earliest species of cereals grown was barley around 500BCE, which was later supplemented with other cereals.[8]
In the first century CE, iron mining in swamps started in the easternmost parts of the country. Several small communities with blast furnaces were established, located several days walk from the good agricultural land, generating trade and occupational specialization.[9] However, the mining industry stopped in the fifth century. In the following centuries, as part of the increased immigration due to the Migration Period, then a Germanic judicial system was introduced, which was a further development of the system launched during the mining era. In the fifth century, the first organizing of military took place, with constructions of small forts.[10] Around this time, the area was split into counties, with the current Nord-Trøndleag consisting of parts of Stjørdølafylke, Skøynafylke, Øynafylke, Verdølafylke, Sparbyggjafylke and Naumdølafylke.[11] From the tenth century, the Frostating was established as a thing for all of the Trondheimsfjord area.[12]
The largest hof for worshiping Nordic mythology was at Mære and was a common site for animal sacrifice.[13] In 997, Olaf Tryggvason established Nidaros (current-day Trondheim), in Sør-Trøndelag, started a series of attacks to conquer Innherred. To counteract, the Innherred warlords established a marketplace in Steinkjer. In the Battle of Stiklestad, which took place in 1030, King Olaf Haraldsson was killed by a peasant army in a battle for supremacy over Trøndelag.[11] In the following decades, despite the defeat of the Christian Olaf, Trøndelag was gradually Christianized, resulting in the construction of churches[14] and two monasteries.[15] By the 13th century, the Frostating laws had been codified, by which time all of Central Norway was under the thing, which developed into a court, which was moved to Nidaros in the 16th century.[16]
During the Viking Age, the population increased, reaching 20,000 by the mid-13th century. The Black Death killed off many people, and Nordli and Meråker were depopulated.[17]Sami people immigrated from the north in the following two centuries.[18]Archbishop of Nidaros, Olav Engelbrektsson, started building a fortress in Steinvikholmen in Stjørdal, which was completed in 1532, and became the center of the archdiocese. It remained until the Protestant Reformation in 1537, in which the king took over all church assets in the country, which consisted of nearly 40% of the land. Subsequently, the number of self-owning farmers increased.[19] The 16th century also saw the beginning of export of fish and lumber, and the first sawmills were established.[20] In the 17th century, administration gradually shifted from that of warlords to vogt, a representative of the king in Copenhagen. Taxes were increased to finance the military, and in Nord-Trøndelag, farmers had to join the military to fight Sweden in Jämtland.[21]
In the 18th century, confirmation and schools were introduced, and the potato was introduced during the 1770s. Parts of Namdalen was the target of immigrants from Eastern Norway, who cleared new land. In 1804, Trondhjems amt was split into two, with the northern part becoming Nordre Trondhjems amt. In 1919, it changed its name to Nord-Trøndelag. In 1838, the municipalities were created, and Nordre Trondhjems amt received 18.[22] In 1836, Levanger received status as a market-town, followed by Namsos in 1845 and Steinkjer in 1857.[23] The number would gradually increase to 48.[24]
In 1851, Marcus Thrane's public meetings caused riots demanding increased labor rights.[22] The first steam-powered sawmill was established at Spillum in 1853, and forestry started becoming a profession, rather than a part-time work during the winter. From the late 18th century, sail ships started running in regular traffic along the coast and in the fjord to Trondheim. Most natural resources were owned by the burgoise in Trondheim, as royal concession was needed for any exploitation.[20] During the last half of the 19th century, tens of thousands of people emigrated to North America, with some communities losing just under half their population.[23]
Industrialization started in the 1838 with steamships in regular traffic along the coast, and later on Trondheimsfjord and Snåsavatnet. At the end of the 19th century, the Great Transformation took place, whereby the economy changed from being predominantly based on self-production to a professional trades. Crofts were abolished. The Meråker Line reached Hell in 1881, and in 1905 the Hell–Sunnan Line reached Sunnan.[25] The first flight took off from Værnes in 1914, and in 1948 scheduled services were started to Oslo.[26]
As of 2010, Nord-Trøndelag had 131,555 inhabitants.[30] There were 55,910 households, or 2.3 people per household.[31]Life expectancy is 77.7 years for males and 82.4 years for females, both above the national average.[32] There were 5,942 foreigners, or 4.5%, including Norwegian-born to immigrant parents.[33] There were 4,699 people with foreign citizenship, the lowest for any county both in relative and absolute numbers.[34] The largest sources of immigration are Eastern Europe and Asia.[33]
Christianity is the dominant religion. As of 2010, 5,061 (3.8%) people were not registered as members of the Church of Norway. Of these, 2,581 (1.9%) were members of other Christian groups, while 1,762 (1.3%) were irreligious, 508 (0.3%) were Muslims, 158 were Buddhists, and 52 belonged to other religions.[35]
Nord-Trøndelag County Municipality runs 3,000 kilometers (1,900mi) of county roads,[40] public transport,[41] eleven upper secondary schools with 7,000 pupils,[42] regional development and other minor issues.[43] The county municipality is led by a 35-member county council.
Nord-Trøndelag also constitutes an electoral district for the Parliament of Norway, consisting of six representatives.
Economy
Steinkjer, the county capital
In 2007, Nord-Trøndelag had a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita NOK242,895 and an income per capita of NOK165,075, less than any other Norwegian county. For GDP per capita, Nord-Trøndelag lay at 67% of the national average, excluding the continental shelf, and lay just above a third of Oslo.[49]
Agriculture is most common east of the Trondheimsfjord, the lower parts of Indre Namdal and Nærøy.[50]876 square kilometers (338sqmi) of land is used for agriculture, of which 310 square kilometers (120sqmi) is cereals,[51] which is more dominant along the Trondheimsfjord.[52] The county has ten percent of the country's agricultural output, and no other county has so high a percentage of its production from farming.[53] Farms traditionally have a square lot of buildings, with the house, called a trønderlån, being thin and long.[52] Fishing is an important industry along the coast, particularly in Ytre Namdal,[54] and Trondheim Fjord is the fjord with the highest yield in Norway.[55]Fish farming, particularly of salmon, has seen a rapid growth since the 1970s. Most of the fish is exported to Continental Europe, and to a less degree the Far East.[56]
Forty percent of the county is covered by forest, but about half of it is not profitable to log.[57] Parts of the forests are preserved, including the Coastal Spruce Forest, which is the only place in Europe where spruce grows out to the coast.[58] Up to 800,000 cubic meters (28,000,000cuft) of lumber is harvested each year, of which 95% is spruce and 3% is pine.[59]Statskog, a government agency, owns 7,330 square kilometres (2,830sqmi) of Nord-Trøndelag, of which1,068 square kilometers (412sqmi) is productive forest.[60] Large private forest owners include Værdalsbruket and Meraker Brug, while municipalities own 178 square kilometers (69sqmi).[61]Norske Skog Skogn, established in 1962 and located at Skogn, is one of the largest companies in the county, and among Europe's largest producers of newsprint.[62]Södra Cell Folla in Follafoss is a producer of pulp.[63]
The traditional cuisine consisted of five meals per day, and contained herring, porridge, dairy products and flat bread, with the potato coming into use during the 19th century. Herring and potato became the standard meal for commoners.[71] Local specialties include ginger ale, akvavit, sodd, while it was common to use grævfisk and rakfisk (raw rotten fish) in the mountainous areas.[72]
Nord-Trøndelag Teater, located in Verdalsøra, is the only all-year professional theater.[73] Since 1954, The Saint Olav Drama has been performed at Stiklestad, portraying the battle.[74] Similarly, an outdoor midnight opera is held on Steinvikholmen portraying the historical events there.[75] Amateur revue is popular, and the Norwegian Revue Festival is held in Høylandet every other year.[76] Three bands Åge Aleksandersen, Hans Rotmo and DDE are the most successful music artists, having created the genre trønderrock. The former two had their breakthrough in the 1970s, while the latter had it in the 1990s.[77]Levanger HK plays in Premier Women's Handball League.[78]Saemien Sijte, located in Snåsa, is a center for Sami culture.
European Route E6 runs north–south throughout eastern part the county, partially as a motorway. This route runs from Stjørdal via Steinkjer and Grong to Nordland. Other important routes in the county include E14 between Stjørdal via Meråker to Sweden, and County Road 17 from Steinkjer via Namsos and Nærøy to Nordland.[40] Both passenger and car ferries operate on the coast, and in Trondheimsfjord is the Levanger–Hokstad Ferry.[80] Private road transport is dominant, as public transport is sparsely operated. The largest bus company is TrønderBilene.[81]
Meråker is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Stjørdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Midtbygda which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Storlien in Sweden and 46 kilometres (29 mi) east of the town of Stjørdalshalsen in neighboring Stjørdal municipality. Other villages in Meråker include Gudåa, Kopperå, and Stordalen.
is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Stjørdalen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Stjørdal. Some of the villages in the municipality include Elvran, Flornes, Hegra, Hell, Kvithammer, Prestmoen, Skatval, Skjelstadmarka, Sona, and Værnes.
Levanger is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the district of Innherred. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Levanger. Some of the notable villages in the municipality include Alstadhaug, Ekne, Hokstad, Markabygda, Momarka, Mule, Nesset, Okkenhaug, Ronglan, Skogn, and Åsen.
Verdal is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Innherad region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Verdalsøra. Some villages in the municipality include Forbregd/Lein, Lysthaugen, Stiklestad, Trones, Vera, Vinne, and Vuku.
Inderøy is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Innherad region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Straumen. Other villages include Framverran, Gangstadhaugen, Hylla, Kjerknesvågen, Kjerringvik, Røra, Sakshaug, Sandvollan, Småland, Trongsundet, Utøy, Vangshylla, and Venneshamn. The municipality is primarily an agricultural community, but also has some industry.
Trøndelag (Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœ̂ndəˌlɑːɡ]; or Trööndelage is a county and coextensive with the Trøndelag region in the central part of Norway. It was created in 1687, then named Trondhjem County ; in 1804 the county was split into Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag by the King of Denmark-Norway, and the counties were reunited in 2018 after a vote of the two counties in 2016.
The Trondheim Fjord or Trondheimsfjorden, an inlet of the Norwegian Sea, is Norway's third-longest fjord at 130 kilometres (81 mi) long. It is located in the west-central part of the country in Trøndelag county, and it stretches from Ørland Municipality in the west to Steinkjer Municipality in the north, passing the city of Trondheim on its way. Its maximum depth is 617 metres (2,024 ft), in the channel between Orkland Municipality and Indre Fosen Municipality.
Innherred(Bokmål) or Innherad(Nynorsk) is a traditional district in Trøndelag county in the central part of Norway. It consists of the areas around the inner part of the Trondheimsfjord in the central-east part of the county. The district includes the municipalities of Levanger, Frosta, Verdal, Inderøy, and Steinkjer. Historically, the municipalities of Snåsa and Namdalseid have sometimes also been included in the Innherred district. The area encompasses about 7,913 square kilometres (3,055 sq mi) and about 68,062 residents (2004). There are several larger towns/cities in Innherred including Steinkjer, Levanger, and Verdalsøra.
The Nordland Line is a 729-kilometer (453 mi) railway line between Trondheim and Bodø, Norway. It is the longest in Norway and lacks electrification. The route runs through Trøndelag and Nordland counties, carrying a combination of commuter, long-haul passenger and freight trains. From Trondheim Central Station to Steinkjer Station the line is most heavily used, with hourly services by the Trøndelag Commuter Rail. There are three branch lines—the Stavne–Leangen Line at Leangen Station, the Meråker Line at Hell Station and the Namsos Line at Grong Station.
Øvre Stjørdalen is a former municipality in the old Nordre Trondhjem county in Norway. The 1,913-square-kilometre (739 sq mi) municipality existed from 1850 until its dissolution in 1874. The municipality encompassed the upper part of the Stjørdalen valley which includes what is now Meråker Municipality and the eastern part of Stjørdal Municipality, both in Trøndelag county. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Hegra where the Hegra Church is located.
TrønderBilene AS is a bus company operating in Trøndelag, Norway. As of 2009, it has 324 employees and 238 buses, and is owned by Torghatten ASA. The company operates both coach, bus, charter and school routes, as well as some truck and garage services. The areas of operation are Innherred, Namdalen, Fosen, Hitra and Frøya. TrønderBilene runs three town bus services: Buster in Steinkjer, Blåmann in Levanger and Verdalsøra, and Elgen in Namsos. The coach service from Namsos to Trondheim is part of NOR-WAY Bussekspress.
The Trøndelag Commuter Rail is a commuter train service operating in Trøndelag county, Norway. It was operated with Class 92 diesel multiple units by Vy, until 7 June 2020, when SJ Norge took over the contract until 2030. The service provides a commuter service connecting Trondheim to its suburbs, between towns in Innherred and as an airport rail link for Trondheim Airport, Værnes. Although passenger services have operated along the lines since 1864, the commuter train was created with an increase of service with existing rolling stock in 1993. In 2019, the system was used by 1.4 million passengers.
The Hell–Sunnan Line is a 105-kilometer-long (65 mi) railway line between Hell and Sunnan in Trøndelag county, Norway. The name is no longer in official use and the line is now considered part of the Nordland Line. The Hell–Sunnan Line branches from the Meråker Line at Hell and runs on the east shore of the Trondheimsfjord passing through Stjørdal Municipality, Levanger Municipality, Verdal Municipality, Inderøy Municipality, and Steinkjer Municipality.
Sør-Trøndelag was a county comprising the southern portion of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. It bordered the old Nord-Trøndelag county as well as the counties of Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, and Hedmark. To the west is the Norwegian Sea, and to the east is Jämtland in Sweden. The county was separated into a northern and southern part by the Trondheimsfjorden. Slightly over 200,000 of the county's population lives in the city of Trondheim and its suburbs. The Norwegian dialect of the region is Trøndersk.
Inntrøndelag or Inn-Trøndelag is a traditional district that encompasses the central part of Trøndelag county in Norway. It usually includes the area surrounding the inner part of the Trondheimsfjord. It is often used interchangeably with the name Innherred, but Inntrøndelag also includes the Stjørdalen valley.
Stjør- and Verdal District Court was a district court in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The court was based in the town of Levanger. The court existed from 1635 until 2011. It had jurisdiction over the municipalities of Levanger, Stjørdal, Verdal, Frosta, Leksvik, and Meråker. Cases from this court could be appealed to Frostating Court of Appeal. In the court, there work three professional judges, two deputy judges and seven clerks. In 2006, the court dealt with 158 criminal cases, 381 summary procedures and 104 civil cases.
AS Meraker Brug is a company which owns 1,330 square kilometres (510 sq mi) of wilderness and forest estate, mostly in Meråker Municipality, Norway. Activities include forestry, cabin rental, hunting and fishing. It owns 1,219 square kilometres (471 sq mi) in Meråker Municipality, consisting of 96% of the municipality, 63 square kilometres (24 sq mi) in Malvik Municipality, 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi) in Stjørdal Municipality and 0.5 square kilometres (0.19 sq mi) in Steinkjer Municipality. 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) is productive forest. The company used to be owned by the Astrup family, who live in the Oslo area. But in 2022 the Norwegian Government bought the company for 2.65 billion NOK, and is now owned by Statskog.
Inntrøndelag District Court was a district court in the Inntrøndelag region in Trøndelag county, Norway. The court was based in Steinkjer. The court existed until 2021. It had jurisdiction over the municipalities of Steinkjer, Inderøy, Snåsa, Verran, Verdal, Levanger, Frosta, Stjørdal, Meråker, and Namdalseid. Cases from this court could be appealed to Frostating Court of Appeal. The courthouse was built in 1997 for the old Inderøy District Court, and in 2010 there was a 25 million kr addition built to accommodate the new court. The court has seven judges and eleven clerks. The final presiding judge of the court was Odd Arve Bartnes.
Trøndelag District Court is a district court located in Trøndelag county, Norway. This court is based at four different courthouses which are located in Brekstad, Namsos, Steinkjer, and Trondheim. The court serves the entire county which includes 38 municipalities: Flatanger, Frosta, Frøya, Grong, Heim, Hitra, Holtålen, Høylandet, Inderøy, Indre Fosen, Leka, Levanger, Lierne, Malvik, Melhus, Meråker, Midtre Gauldal, Namsos, Namsskogan, Nærøysund, Oppdal, Orkland, Osen, Overhalla, Rennebu, Rindal, Røros, Røyrvik, Selbu, Skaun, Snåsa, Steinkjer, Stjørdal, Trondheim, Tydal, Verdal, Ørland, and Åfjord. The court is subordinate to the Frostating Court of Appeal.
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