Nymph

This article is about the creatures of Greek mythology. For other uses, see Nymph (disambiguation).

Nymph

In this 1896 painting of Hylas and the Nymphs by John William Waterhouse, Hylas is abducted by the Naiads, i.e. fresh water nymphs
Grouping	Mythological
Sub grouping	Nature spirit
Similar entities	Mermaid, hellois, huldra
Country	Greece

A nymph (Ancient Greek : νύμφη, romanized: nýmphē, Modern Greek : nímfi; Attic Greek:  [nýmpʰɛː] , Modern Greek:  [ˈniɱfi] ), sometimes spelled nymphe, in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are typically tied to a specific place or landform, and are usually depicted as maidens. They were not necessarily immortal, but lived much longer than human beings. ^[1]

They are often divided into various broad subgroups, such as the Meliae (ash tree nymphs), the Dryads (oak tree nymphs), the Naiads (freshwater nymphs), the Nereids (sea nymphs), and the Oreads (mountain nymphs). ^[2]

Nymphs are often featured in classic works of art, literature, mythology, and fiction. Since the Middle Ages, nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused with fairies.

Etymology

The Greek word nýmphē has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun nýmphē remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is nýmphā (νύμφα). ^[3]

Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting with parthenos (παρθένος) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore (κόρη < κόρϝα) "maiden, girl". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular Modern Greek term for "bride".

Ancient Greek mythology

Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god (such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan) or of a goddess (generally the huntress Artemis). ^[4]

The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci , and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.^{[ citation needed ]}

Greek folk religion

The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids". ^[5] Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night. ^[6] They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate man. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to Saint Artemidos. ^{[7] [8]}

Nymphs and fairies

Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves. ^{[9] [10]}

Sleeping nymph

The statue of a sleeping nymph in a grotto at Stourhead gardens, England.

A motif that entered European art during the Renaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a grotto or spring. ^{[11] [12] [13]} This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube. ^[14] The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead. ^{[15] [16] [17]}

List

All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive. ^[18] Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs of ash trees. ^[18]

By dwelling or affinity

The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:

Type / Group / Individuals	Location	Relations and Notes
Celestial nymphs
Aurae (breezes)		also called Aetae or Pnoae,[ citation needed ] daughters of Boreas [19]
Asteriae (stars)		mainly comprising the Atlantides (daughters of Atlas)
1. Hesperides (evening)	Far West	nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the Hamadryads [20]
• Aegle
• Arethusa
• Erytheia (or Eratheis)		mother of Eurytion by Ares [21]
2. Hyades (star cluster; sent rain)	Boeotia (probably)	daughters of Atlas by either Pleione or Aethra [22]
3. Pleiades		daughters of Atlas and Pleione; [23] constellation; also were classed as Oreads
• Maia	Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia	partner of Zeus and mother of Hermes [24]
• Electra	Mt. Saon, Samothrace	mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus [25]
• Taygete	Taygetos Mts., Laconia	mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus [26]
• Alcyone	Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia	mother of Hyperes and Anthas by Poseidon [27]
• Celaeno	Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea	mother of Lycus and Nycteus by Poseidon [28]
• Asterope	Pisa, Elis	mother of Oenomaus by Ares [29]
• Merope	Corinth	wife of Sisyphus and mother of Glaucus [30]
Nephele (clouds)		daughters of Oceanus [31] and/or Tethys [32] or of Aither [33]
Land nymphs
Alseides (groves)		[34]
Auloniades (valley pastures, glens)
Leimakides or Leimonides (meadows)
Napaeae (dells)		[35]
Oreads (mountains, grottoes), also Orodemniades
Wood and plant nymphs
Anthousai (flowers)
Dryades (trees)
Hamadryades or Hadryades
1. Daphnaeae (laurel tree)
2. Epimeliades or Epimelides (apple tree; also protected flocks)		other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs)
3. Kissiae (ivy)
4. Meliae (manna-ash tree)		born from the drops of blood that fell on Gaia when Cronus castrated Uranus [36]
Hyleoroi (watchers of woods)
Water nymphs (Hydriades or Ephydriades)
Haliae (sea and seashores)
1. Nereids	Mediterranean Sea	50 daughters of Nereus and Doris [37]
Naiads, Naides (fresh water)
1. Crinaeae (fountains)
2. Eleionomae (wetlands)
3. Limnades, Limnatides (lakes)
4. Pegaeae (springs)
5. Potameides (rivers)
Oceanids		daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, [38] any freshwater, typically clouds and rain. see List of Oceanids
Underworld nymphs
Lampades	Hades	torch bearers in the retinue of Hecate
• Orphne		is a representation of the darkness of the river Styx, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself nor with Nyx, goddess of night, despite being associated with both. She is the consort of Acheron, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of Ascalaphus, (the orchardist of Hades). [39]
• Leuce (white poplar tree)		daughter of Oceanus and lover of Hades [40]
• Melinoe		Orphic nymph, daughter of Persephone and "Zeus disguised as Pluto". [41] Her name is a possible epithet of Hecate.
• Minthe (mint)	Cocytus River	probably a daughter of Cocytus, lover of Hades and rival of Persephone [42] [43]
Other nymphs
Hecaterides (rustic dance)		daughters of Hecaterus by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of the Dactyls and mothers of the Oreads and the Satyrs [44]
Kabeirides		daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of the Kabeiroi [45] or of Hephaestus and Cabeiro [46]
Maenads or Bacchai or Bacchantes		frenzied nymphs in the retinue of Dionysus
1. Lenai (wine-press)
2. Mimallones (music)
4. Thyiai or Thyiades (thyrsus bearers)
Melissae (honey)		likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides

By location

The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).

Groups and Individuals	Location	Relations and Notes
Aeaean Nymphs	Aeaea Island	handmaidens of Circe
Aegaeides	Aegaeus River on the island of Scheria
Aesepides	Aesepus River in Anatolia
• Abarbarea
Acheloides	Achelous River in Acarnania
• Callirhoe, second wife of Alcmaeon
Acmenes	Stadium in Olympia, Elis
Amnisiades	Amnisos River on the island of Crete	entered the retinue of Artemis
Anigrides	Anigros River in Elis	believed to cure skin diseases
Asopides	Asopus River in Sicyonia and Boeotia
• Aegina	Island of Aegina	mother of Menoetius by Actor, and Aeacus by Zeus
• Asopis
• Chalcis	Chalcis, Euboea	regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea
• Cleone	Cleonae, Argos
• Combe	Island of Euboea	consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes
• Corcyra	Island of Corcyra	mother of Phaiax by Poseidon
• Euboea	Island of Euboea	abducted by Poseidon; perhaps the same as Chalcis and Combe above
• Harpina	Pisa, Elis	mother of Oenomaus by Ares
• Ismene	Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia	wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus.
• Nemea	Nemea, Argolis	others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene
• Oeroe or Plataia	Plataea, Boeotia	carried off by Zeus
• Ornea	Ornia, Sicyon
• Peirene	Corinth	others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias
• Salamis	Island of Salamis	mother of Cychreus by Poseidon
• Sinope	Sinope, Anatolia	mother of Syrus by Apollo
• Tanagra	Tanagra, Boeotia	mother of Leucippus and Ephippus by Poemander
• Thebe	Thebes, Boeotia	wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus
• Thespeia	Thespia, Boeotia	abducted by Apollo
Astakides	Lake Astacus, Bithynia	appeared in the myth of Nicaea
• Nicaea	Nicaea, Bithynia
Asterionides	Asterion River, Argos	daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera
• Acraea
• Euboea
• Prosymna
Carian Naiades (Caria)	Caria
• Salmacis	Halicarnassus, Caria
Nymphs of Ceos	Island of Ceos
Corycian Nymphs (Corycian Cave)	Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis	daughters of the river god Pleistos
• Kleodora (or Cleodora)	Mt. Parnassus, Phocis	mother of Parnassus by Poseidon
• Corycia	Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis	mother of Lycoreus by Apollo
• Daphnis	Mt. Parnassus, Phocis
• Melaina	Dephi, Phocis	mother of Delphos by Apollo
Cydnides	River Cydnus in Cilicia
Cyrenaean Nymphs	City of Cyrene, Libya
Cypriae Nymphs	Island of Cyprus
Cyrtonian Nymphs	Town of Cyrtone, Boeotia	Κυρτωνιαι
Deliades	Island of Delos	daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus
Dodonides	Oracle at Dodona
Erasinides	Erasinos River, Argos	daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis.
• Anchiroe
• Byze
• Maera
• Melite
Nymphs of the river Granicus	River Granicus	daughters of the river-god Granicus
• Alexirhoe		mother of Aesacus by Priam
• Pegasis		mother of Atymnios by Emathion
Heliades	River Eridanos	daughters of Helios who were changed into trees
Himeriai Naiades	Local springs at the town of Himera, Sicily
Hydaspides	Hydaspers River, India	nurses of infant Zagreus
Idaean Nymphs	Mount Ida, Crete	nurses of infant Zeus
• Ida
• Adrasteia
Inachides	Inachos River, Argos	daughters of the river god Inachus
• Io		mother of Epaphus by Zeus
• Amymone
• Philodice		wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe
• Messeis
• Hyperia
• Mycene		wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae
Ionides	Kytheros River in Elis	daughters of the river god Cytherus
• Calliphaea
• Iasis
• Pegaea
• Synallaxis
Ithacian Nymphs	Local springs and caves on the island of Ithaca
Ladonides	Ladon River
Lamides or Lamusides	Lamos River in Cilicia	possible nurses of infant Dionysus
Leibethrides	Mounts Helicon and Leibethrios in Boeotia; or Mount Leibethros in Thrace)
• Libethrias
• Petra
Lelegeides	Lycia, Anatolia
Lycaean Nymphs	Mount Lycaeus	nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides
Melian Nymphs	Island of Melos	transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs
Mycalessides	Mount Mycale in Caria, Anatolia
Mysian Nymphs	Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios in Bithynia	who abducted Hylas
• Euneica
• Malis
• Nycheia
Naxian Nymphs	Mount Drios on the island of Naxos	nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with the Hyades
• Cleide
• Coronis
• Philia
Neaerides	Thrinacia Island	daughters of Helios and Neaera, watched over Helios' cattle
Nymphaeides	Nymphaeus River in Paphlagonia
Nysiads	Mount Nysa	nurses of infant Dionysos, identified with Hyades
Ogygian Nymphs	Island of Ogygia	four handmaidens of Calypso
Ortygian Nymphs	Local springs of Syracuse, Sicily	named for the island of Ortygia
Othreides	Mount Othrys	a local group of Hamadryads
Pactolides	Pactolus River
• Euryanassa		wife of Tantalus
Pelionides	Mount Pelion	nurses of the Centaurs
Phaethonides		a synonym for the Heliades
Phaseides	Phasis River
Rhyndacides	Rhyndacus River in Mysia
Sithnides	Fountain at the town of Megara
Spercheides	River Spercheios	one of them, Diopatra, was loved by Poseidon and the others were changed by him into trees
Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides	Mount Cithaeron
Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids	River Tagus in Portugal and Spain
Thessalides	Peneus River in Thessaly
Thriae	Mount Parnassos	prophets and nurses of Apollo
Trojan Nymphs	Local springs of Troy

Others

The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.

Individual names of some of the nymphs

Names	Location	Relations and Notes
Alphesiboea	India	loved by Dionysus [47]
Aora	Crete	eponym of the town Aoros in Crete [48]
Areia		daughter of Cleochus and mother of Miletus by Apollo [49]
Astyoche		one of the Danaïdes, and the mother of Chrysippus by Pelops [50]
Axioche or Danais	Elis	mother of Chrysippus by Pelops [51] [52]
Brettia	Mysia	eponym of Abrettene, Mysia [53]
Brisa		brought up the god Dionysus [54]
Calybe	Troy	mother of Bucolion, Laomedon [55]
Carmentis or Carmenta	Arcadia	She had a son with Hermes, called Evander. Her son was the founder of the Pallantium. Pallantium became one of the cities that was merged later into the ancient Rome. Romans called her, Carmenta. [56]
Chalcea		mother of Olympus by Zeus [57]
Chania		a lover of Heracles
Chariclo	Thebes	mother of Tiresias by Everes [58]
Charidia		mother of Alchanus by Zeus [57]
Chryse	Lemnos	fell in love with Philoctetes [59]
Cirrha	Phocis	eponym of Cirrha in Phocis [60]
Clymene		mother of Tlesimenes by Parthenopaeus [61]
Cretheis		briefly mentioned in Suda [62]
Crimisa	Italy	eponym of a city in Italy [63]
Deiopea		one of Hera's nymphs who was promised to Aeolus [64]
Dodone	Dodona	eponym of Dodona [65]
Echemeia	Cos	spelled "Ethemea" by Hyginus, consort of Merops [66]
Eidothea	Mt. Othrys	mother by Eusiros of Cerambus [67]
Eunoë	Phrygia	possible mother of Hecuba by Dymas [68]
Eunoste	Boeotia (possibly)	nurse of Eunostus [69]
Euryte	Athens	mother of Halirrhothius by Poseidon [70]
Harmonia	Akmonian Wood, near Themiscyra	mother of the Amazons by Ares [71] [72]
Hegetoria	Rhodes	consort of Ochimus [73]
Hemera		mother of Iasion by Zeus
Himalia	Rhodes	mother of Cronius, Spartaios, and Cytos by Zeus [74]
Hyale		belongs to the train of Artemis [75]
Hyllis	Argos	possible eponym of the tribe Hylleis and the city Hylle [76]
Idaea	Crete	mother of Cres [77] and Asterion [57] by Zeus
Idaea	Mt. Ida, Troad	mother of Teucer by Scamander [78]
Ithome	Messenia	one of the nurses of Zeus [79]
Laodice	Argolis (possibly)	mother of Apis by Phoroneus [80]
Leucophryne	Magnesia (possibly)	priestess of Artemis Leucophryne
Ligeia
Linos		mother of Pelops by Atlas in some accounts [81]
Lotis		pursued by Priapus and was changed into a tree that bears her name [82]
Ma		nymph in the suite of Rhea who nursed Zeus
Melanippe	Attica (possibly)	married Itonus, son of Amphictyon [83]
Melissa	Crete	nurse of Zeus [84]
Mendeis	Thrace	consort of Sithon [85]
Menodice		daughter of Orion and mother of Hylas by Theiodamas [86]
Methone	Pieria	mother of Oeagrus by King Pierus of Emathia [87]
Myrmex	Attica	beloved companion of Athena whom she turned into an ant [88]
Nacole	Phrygia	eponym of Nacoleia in Phrygia [89]
Neaera	Thrinacia	mother of Lampetia and Phaethusa by Helios [90]
Neaera		mother of Aegle by Zeus[ citation needed ]
Neaera	Lydia	mother of Dresaeus by Theiodamas [91]
Nymphe	Samothrace	mother of Saon by Zeus [92]
Oeneis		mother of Pan by Hermes [93]
Oinoie	Sicinus	mother of Sicinus by Thoas [94]
Olbia	Bithynia	mother of Astacus by Poseidon [95]
Paphia		possibly the mother of Cinyras by Eurymedon [96]
Pareia	Paros	mother of four sons by Minos [97]
Polydora		one of the Danaïdes [98]
Pyronia		mother of Iasion by Minos
Psalacantha	Icaria	changed into a plant by Dionysus [99]
Rhene	Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia	consorted with Oileus [100]
Semestra	Thrace	nurse of Keroessa [101]
Teledice	Argolis (possibly)	a consort of Phoroneus [102]
Thalia	Sicily	mother of the Palici by Zeus [103]
Thisbe	Boeotia	eponym of the town of Thisbe [104]
Tithorea	Mt. Parnassus, Phocis	eponym of the town of Tithorea (previously called Neon) [105]

In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology

• Sabrina (the river Severn)
• Tágides (Tagus River)

Modern use

In modern usage, "nymph" is used in two senses different from the original Greek meaning.

• "Nymph" can be used to describe an attractive, sexually mature young woman. For example, the title of the Perry Mason novel "The Case of the Negligent Nymph" ^[106] refers to such a young woman who in the book's plot suddenly swims to Mason's canoe. The term can have pejorative connotations regarding the sexual behavior of such women, and derived from it is the term "Nymphomania" referring to female hypersexuality.
• In biology, "nymph" describes an immature form of an insect that does not change greatly as it grows, e.g. a dragonfly, mayfly, or locust.

Gallery

• 
  Hylas and nymphs from a mosaic in Roman Gaul (3rd century)
• 
  Fight between Nymph and Satyr , Naples National Archaeological Museum
• 
  The Nymph of the Spring
  by Lucas Cranach the Elder
  National Gallery of Art
  (c. 1537)
• 
  Nymphe and Satyr by Nicolas Poussin - Pushkin Museum, Moscow (between 1626 and 1628)
• 
  A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by Angelica Kauffman, about 1780, (V&A Museum no. 23-1886)
• 
  Nymphs and Satyr , by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1873)
• 
  The Pleiades (1885) by Elihu Vedder
• 
  A naiad painted by Luis Ricardo Falero (1892)
• 
  Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl, The Souls of Acheron (1898)
• 
  Young oread, on German porcelain plate (late 19th century)
• 
  The Cave of the Storm Nymphs by Sir Edward John Poynter (1903)
• 
  Echo, an Oread (mountain nymph) watches Narcissus in this 1903 painting of Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse
• 
  Nymph with morning glory flowers, by Jules Joseph Lefebvre
• 
  La Nymphe de la Foret, by Guillaume Seignac.
• 
  Nymphe by Gaston Bussière (1929)

See also

• Animism
• Apsaras
• Houri
• Kami
• Nymphaeum
• Pitsa panels
• Rå
• Xian
• Yakshini
• List of Greek mythological figures

Notes

1. Parad, Carlos; Förlag, Maicar (1997). "Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology: Nymphs". Astrom Editions. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
2. Grimal, p. 313, s.v. Nymphs.
3. "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
4. Larson, Jennifer (1997). "Handmaidens of Artemis?". The Classical Journal. 92 (3): 249–257. JSTOR   3298110.
5. Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.  131.
6. Lee, D. Demetracopoulou (1936). "Folklore of the Greeks in America". Folklore. 47 (3): 294–310. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718647. JSTOR   1256865 – via JSTOR.
7. "Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as Terrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in Progress in Religion to the Christian Era 1922:107.
8. Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. chapter 3. ISBN   978-960-88087-0-6.
9. Kready, Laura (1916). A Study of Fairy Tales. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
10. Briggs, Katharine Mary (1976). "Euphemistic names for fairies". An Encyclopedia of Fairies . New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN   0-394-73467-X.
11. "The Nymph of the Spring". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
12. Stephen John Campbell (2004). The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella D'Este. Yale University Press. pp. 95–6. ISBN   978-0-300-11753-0.
13. Maryan Wynn Ainsworth; Joshua P. Waterman; Dorothy Mahon (2013). German Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1350-1600. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 95–6. ISBN   978-1-58839-487-3.
14. Jay A. Levenson; National Gallery of Art (U.S.) (1991). Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Yale University Press. p. 260. ISBN   978-0-300-05167-4.
15. Leonard Barkan (1999). Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture. Yale University Press. pp. 237–8. ISBN   978-0-300-08911-0.
16. Elisabeth B. MacDougall (January 1994). Fountains, Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 37–56. ISBN   978-0-88402-216-9.
17. Kenneth Gross (1992). The Dream of the Moving Statue . Cornell University Press. pp.  170–175. ISBN   978-0-8014-2702-2.
18. Rose, Herbert Jennings (1959). A Handbook of Greek Mythology (1st ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. p.  173. ISBN   978-0-525-47041-0.
19. Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1.683 ff.
20. Diodorus Siculus, 4.26.2
21. Stesichorus, Geryoneis Frag S8
22. Hyginus, Fabulae 192
23. Apollodorus, 3.10.1
24. Hesiod, Theogony 938
25. Apollodorus, 3.12.1
26. Hyginus, Fabulae 155
27. Pausanias, 2.30.8
28. Apollodorus, 3.10.1
29. Hyginus, Fabulae 84
30. Hyginus, Astronomica 2.21
31. Aristophanes, Clouds 264
32. Orphic Hymn 22
33. Aristophanes, Clouds 563
34. Homer, Iliad 20.4
35. Statius, Thebaid 9.385
36. Hesiod, Theogony 182–187
37. Hesiod, Theogony 240-262
38. Hesiod, Theogony 365–366
39. Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.539 ff
40. Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 7.61
41. Orphic Hymn 71
42. Oppian , Halieutica 3.485 ff
43. Strabo, 8.3.14
44. Strabo, 10.3.19
45. Acusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, 10.3.21
46. Strabo, 10.3.21 citing Pherecydes
47. Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 24
48. Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Aōros
49. Apollodorus, 3.1.2
50. Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 110 s.v. The Children of Pelops
51. Scholia on Euripides, Orestes, 4; on Pindar, Olympian Ode 1.144
52. Plutarch, Parallela minora 33
53. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Abrettēnē
54. Schol. ad Pers. Sat. i. 76.
55. Apollodorus, 3.12.3
56. "Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.1".
57. Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21–23
58. Apollodorus, 3.6.7
59. Sophocles, Philoctetes 1327
60. Pausanias, 10.37.5
61. Hyginus, Fabulae 71
62. Suida, s.v. Kretheus
63. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Krimisa
64. Virgil, Aeneid 1.71-75
65. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Dodone
66. Hyginus, Astronomica 2.16.2
67. Antoninus Liberalis, 22 vs Cerambus
68. Scholia on Homer's Iliad 16. 718 with Pherecydes as the authority
69. Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 40
70. Apollodorus, 3.14.2
71. "Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2".
72. "ARGONAUTICA BOOK 2".
73. Diodorus Siculus, 5.57.7
74. Diodorus Siculus, 5.55.5
75. Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.155
76. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Hylleis
77. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Krētē
78. Apollodorus, 3.12.1
79. Pausanias, 4.33.1
80. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 177
81. Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 108 s.v. Tantalus
82. Ovid, Fasti 1.416 & 1.423; Metamorphoses , 9.347
83. Pausanias, 9.1.1
84. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.22.3
85. Conon, Narrations 10
86. Hyginus, Fabulae 14
87. Of the Origin of Homer and Hesiod and their Contest, Fragment 1. Translated by Evelyn-White.
88. William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology s.v. Myrmex
89. Suida, s.v. Nakoleia
90. Homer, Odyssey 12.133 ff
91. Quintus Smyrnaeus, 1.290–291
92. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 1.61.3
93. Scholiast ad Theocritus, 1.3
94. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.620 ff with scholia on 1.623
95. Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Astakos
96. Scholia on Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.28
97. Apollodorus, 3.1.2
98. Antoninus Liberalis, 32
99. Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 5 in Photius, Myrobiblion 190
100. Homer, Iliad 2.728
101. "Dionysius of Byzantium, Anaplous of the Bosporos, §24".
102. Apollodorus, 2.1.1
103. Macrobius, Saturnalia 5.19.15
104. Pausanias, 9.32.3
105. Pausanias, 10.32.9
106. "The Case of the Negligent Nymph". December 7, 1957 – via IMDb.

References

• Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-36281-9.
• Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN   978-0-631-20102-1.
• Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-514465-9.
• Lawson, John Cuthbert, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1910, p. 131
• Nereids
• paleothea.com homepage
• Tomkinson, John L. (2004). Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika (1st ed.). Athens: Anagnosis. ISBN   978-960-88087-0-6.

External links

• The dictionary definition of nymph at Wiktionary
• Media related to Nymphs at Wikimedia Commons