Administrative Organizations
Kōkū Kantai
Kōkū Kantai (air fleet) [1] contained one or more kōkū sentai. The most notable kōkū kantai was the First Air Fleet containing Japan's six fleet carriers and was responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor. IJN also maintained a land-based system of naval air fleets and area air fleets called homen kantai containing mostly twin-engine bombers and seaplanes.
Kōkū Sentai
Kōku Sentai (air flotillas) [1] consisted of two or more Kōkūtai, they were commanded by Rear Admirals. Kōkū sentai contained anywhere from a handful to 80 or 90 aircraft, and were dependent on both the mission and type of aircraft carrier or air station that they were located on. A kōku sentai was equivalent to a carrier division and contained all carrier aircraft within the division. [2] The first kōku sentai, in December 1941, consisted of all aircraft aboard the carriers Akagi and Kaga. [3] While the land-based kōku sentai consisted of 3 kokutais. [3]
Kōkūtai
Kōkūtai (air group) [1] was equivalent to a group or wing. A kōkūtai in the broadest terms could comprise a flight and base element of either a carrier or land-based air group. In terms of the flight element, it was generally composed of 18 to 27 aircraft and took the name of the carrier or air station where it was originally formed. It could also be either homogeneous or composed of different types of aircraft. The land-based units had larger numbers of aircraft, and could number from approximately 24 to a 100 or more aircraft. They were more homogeneous and came under the command of the naval district where their home naval air station was located in, and later were designated either by a number or by the name of that particular station. [4] There were over 90 naval air groups at the start of the Pacific War.
Kōkūtai was led by its Commander (Shirei) and its Air Officer (Hikōchō), where the latter typically had the role of executive officer. The flight element of kōkūtai was called hikōtai and was led by Hikōtaichō . The non-flight element of kōkūtai was composed of ground units that provided aircraft maintenance and air base service functions. [5]
The land-based Kōkūtai system was set up in 1916, determined that naval air stations and air groups would be organized as needed, at either naval ports (gunkō) or strategic ports (yōkō). Their designations were taken from the names of those places and functioning under the authority of those stations. [6] The air groups and stations outside those ports were placed under the command of the nearest naval base (chinjufu). From the establishment of the IJN's first land-based air unit at Yokosuka until the end of the Pacific war, the term kōkūtai meant both a naval air station and the flying unit that was stationed there. The flying unit (Hikōkitai or hikōtai) operated the aircraft, and the rest of the personnel of any Kōkūtai operated and maintained the ground facilities of the station at which the unit was stationed. Just as the aircraft and flight crew on board a Japanese carrier or a seaplane tender were made an integral part of a ships complement, when land-based or shore-based (seaplane) air units were formed, the bases at which they were stationed were seen as equivalent of the ships of the carrier-based hikōtai formed a part of. [7]
In 1919, the IJN set out new regulations that in a time of war, emergency or maneuvers provided for the organization of "special air groups" (tōkusetsu kōkūtai), which could be designated either by a place or by a numerical designation. They could be either land- or carrier-based, but in general they were largely land-based and would be given numerical designations. In most cases the bases of these formations were created from elements drawn from existing air groups. The first such unit was the 11th Air Group, established briefly in 1936. While regulations establishing land-based air groups were set forth in 1916 and 1919, it was not until the early 1930s that a series of regulations and instructions set forth the specific internal organizations of air groups, their locations, functions, and their training, though these changed from time to time right up to the end of the Pacific War. [7]
In November 1936, the IJN arranged for the organization of special combined air groups (tōkusetsu rengō kōkūtai), which were composed of two or more air groups. They were created in order to provide greater air strength under a single command. The 1st and 2nd combined air groups were formed in July 1937, at the beginning of the China War, and were the backbone of the navy's air operations in the first several years of that conflict. Standing combined air groups (jōsetsu rengō kōkutai), intended to be more permanent, were established in December 1938. Two of these were established before the Pacific War: the 11th was organized in December 1938, and the 12th was formed in 1939. Until the very end of the 1930s most kōkutai were composed of a mix of aircraft types, with seaplanes predominating initially, but with carrier-type fighters, dive bombers, and torpedo bombers increasing in numbers, along with land-based twin engined medium bombers. [4] However, by 1941 the IJN's land-based air groups were almost always composed of one type of aircraft, the exception was the Chitose air group which was based in Micronesia and was composed of both medium bombers and fighters. On November 1, 1942, all land-based identified with base names were given numerical designations. [7]
As the war in the Pacific progressed, this structure lacked flexibility and hampered front-line operations, consequently, in March 1944 the IJN's land-based air forces were restructured, and certain hikōtai were given independent numerical designations and an identity of their own outside the parent Kōkūtai. [7]
Hikōtai
| Imperial Japanese Military |
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| Administration |
 Imperial Japanese Army (Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) |
 Imperial Japanese Navy (Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun) |
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| History |
Hikōtai was a flight echelon of a carrier or a land-based kōkūtai. [1] It was commanded by a Hikōtaichō and consisted of all flight personnel of kōkūtai (the rest of kōkūtai was composed of ground echelons that provided aircraft maintenance and air base service functions). Hikōtai was divided into several smaller divisions, called buntai. [5]
Buntai
Buntai was the smallest administrative unit of aviation personnel, as opposed to tactical or operational formations of aircraft. [1] It was commanded by a Buntaichō and was made up of the required number of personnel necessary to fly and maintain one chutai, which typically consisted nine aircraft. [5] The number of personnel in a buntai would vary, depending on the mission or role of the unit and type of aircraft that it operated. Although the terms buntai and chutai were used interchangeably by naval aviators, buntai referred to the personnel while chuntai referred to the aircraft or tactical formation in the air. [5]
