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After his promotion to lieutenant in 1905,Nagano served on the battleship Shikishima. From 1905 to 1906,he studied naval artillery and navigation. From 1906 to 1908,he was chief gunnery officer on the cruiser Itsukushima. In 1909,he graduated from the Japanese Naval War College.
In 1910,Nagano was promoted to lieutenant commander and assigned as chief gunnery officer on the battleship Katori. From January 1913 to April 1915,he was a language officer in the United States,during which time he studied at Harvard Law School.
During World War I,Nagano was executive officer on the cruisers Nisshin and cruiser Iwate. In 1918,he was promoted to captain. In 1919,he received his first (and only) ship command,the cruiser Hirado.[3]
From December 1920,Nagano was a military attaché to the United States. In this capacity,he attended the Washington Naval Conference. In November 1923,he returned home,although he returned to the United States on official visits in 1927 and 1933. In December 1923,he was promoted to rear admiral.
In 1936,Nagano was appointed Navy Minister under Prime MinisterKōki Hirota. Later in 1937,he became commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet. By April 1941,he had risen to the very top of the Japanese Navy leadership to become chief of the Imperial Japanese Naval General Staff.
World War II
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A staunch believer in Nanshin-ron,Admiral Nagano played a central role in Japan's decision to go to war with the United States. After Japanese forces occupied southern Indochina on 24 July 1941,the U.S. and its Western Allies froze Japanese assets within their borders thereby resulting in a halt on all oil shipments to Japan.[5] At the end of the month,Nagano informed Emperor Hirohito that the nation's oil supply would run out in two years if the embargo was not lifted.[6] Consequently,he advised that Japan should be ready for war within that timeframe if attempts at diplomacy failed.[7] By September 1941,he and the Army's Chief of Staff,General Hajime Sugiyama,called for Japan to be placed on an immediate war-footing and for an end to all negotiations by mid-October.[8]
According to some Japanese sources,Nagano presented a peace proposal before a conference on November 1,1941 but this was ultimately struck down by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo.[9][10][unreliable source?]
Viewing it as a needless diversion of Japan's carrier fleet,Nagano initially opposed Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's planned attack on Pearl Harbor. However,he reluctantly approved the attack after Yamamoto threatened to resign as the commander of the Combined Fleet.[11][12] At meetings with the top Army staff between 1941 and 1944,Nagano reputedly napped.[13][additional citation(s) needed]
In 1943,Nagano was promoted to marshal admiral. By 1944,however,Japan had suffered serious military setbacks and Nagano had lost the confidence of Emperor Hirohito.[14] With the emperor's approval,Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō and Navy MinisterShigetarōShimada removed Nagano from his post and replaced him. Nagano spent the remainder of the war as an advisor to the government.
Remark
According to the opinion of the Japanese government,if Japan accepts the demand of the United States,Japan will perish. However,even if Japan fights against the United States,Japan may perish. That is,accepting the request of the United States will destroy Japan without fighting the United States. Even if we fight against the United States,if Japan can not avoid the danger of extinction,if Japan defeats without fighting with the United States,the Japanese people will truly disappear from the earth. However,if Japanese people can fight and show the spirit of defending Japan,even if Japan fights against America,our descendants will always rebuild Japan. We hope to solve problems in diplomatic negotiations. But unfortunately we will be fighting if we are to be commanded to wage war. (September 6,1941,Osami Nagano)[15][titlemissing]
Bradley, F.J. (2014). He Gave the Order: The Life and Times of Admiral Osami Nagano. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press. ISBN9781576383711.
Evans, David (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-192-7.
Hotta, Eri (2013). Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy. New York City, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0-307-59401-3.
Iriye, Akira (1999). Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History With Documents and Essays. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN0-312-14788-0.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940-1941. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-311372-0.
Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) [1948]. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 3: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931–April 1942. Castle Books. ISBN0-7858-1304-7.
Asada, Sadao (2006). From Mahan to Pearl Harbor. The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-55750-042-7.
D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN0-8159-5302-X.
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