Oskar von Hutier

Last updated
Oskar von Hutier
General von hutier.jpg
Born27 August 1857
Erfurt, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation
Died5 December 1934(1934-12-05) (aged 77)
Berlin, Nazi Germany
AllegianceFlag of the German Empire.svg  German Empire
Service/branchWar Ensign of Germany 1903-1918.svg  Imperial German Army
Years of service1875–1919
Rank General der Infanterie
Battles/wars World War I
Awards Pour le Mérite

Oskar Emil von Hutier (27 August 1857 – 5 December 1934) was a German general during the First World War. He served in the German Army from 1875 to 1919, including war service.

Contents

During the First World War, he commanded the army that took Riga in 1917. The following year he was transferred to the Western Front to participate in Operation Michael that year. He is frequently but mistakenly credited with having created the stormtrooper tactics of small, rapid forces, which he employed to great effect during the Michael offensive. These tactics had been developed by other officers on the Western Front before he was reassigned there. [1]

After retiring from the Army in 1919, Hutier presided over the German Officers' League until his death on 5 December 1934. He was among leaders who contended that the Army had been betrayed by enemies at home.

Biography

Oskar von Hutier was born in Erfurt on 27 August 1857, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. His family had a long tradition of military service; [2] his grandfather served in the French Army and his father, Cölestin von Hutier, rose to the rank of colonel in the Prussian Army. Hutier was commissioned into the German Army in 1874 and attended the Prussian Military Academy beginning in 1885. There, he gained the attention of the General Staff, on which he subsequently served. He served as the Oberquartiermeister in 1911. [2]

Hutier married Fanni Ludendorff, [3] and had three children. Their son Oskar was seriously wounded at the Battle of Verdun in 1916. [4]

World War I

Map of German advance during Operation Michael, with Hutier's 18th Army, in the southern third, having the farthest advances Map of German Somme offensive 1918.jpg
Map of German advance during Operation Michael, with Hutier's 18th Army, in the southern third, having the farthest advances

Hutier spent the first year of the First World War as a divisional commander in France. There, he commanded the 1st Guards Infantry Division in the Second Army. He commanded the unit during the First Battle of the Marne, and remained on the Western Front until April 1915, when he was transferred to the Eastern Front. There, on 4 April, he took command of the XXI Corps of the Tenth Army. [5] [6] He briefly commanded the Army Detachment D from 2 January to 22 April in 1917. On 22 April, he was promoted to General der Infanterie (General of the Infantry) and placed in command of the Eighth Army. [6] [7]

On 3 September 1917, Hutier, commanding the Eighth Army, ended the two-year siege of the Russian city of Riga. He moved his troops to an unexpected sector in the Russian lines, and using a heavy bombardment prepared by Georg Bruchmüller and a surprise crossing of the Dvina River, took the city. [8] The tactics he employed—surprise and encirclement—were essentially standard German Army doctrine; his infantry attacked in company-strength skirmish lines after crossing the River Dvina, much as they would have done in 1914. [9] He followed this success with Operation Albion, an amphibious assault (the only successful one of the war) that seized Russian-held islands in the Baltic Sea. [10] Hutier was awarded the Pour le Mérite by Kaiser Wilhelm II for seizing Riga. [7] His success there also impressed General Erich Ludendorff, who transferred Hutier to the Western Front in 1918. [11]

After arriving on the Western Front, Hutier was placed in command of the newly formed Eighteenth Army. [7] In March 1918, during Operation Michael at the start of the German spring offensive, Hutier employed the new infiltration tactics that had been developed over the preceding three years on the Western Front. He hammered the British Fifth Army, advancing some 40 miles along the Somme River toward Amiens in the span of fifteen days. Hutier's forces captured around 50,000 prisoners; Hutier was awarded the Oak Leaves to accompany his Pour le Mérite for this victory. [7] A contemporary French magazine credited Hutier with creating these infiltration tactics, which relied on small, flexible forces that moved rapidly, calling them "Hutier tactics", though he had had no significant role in developing them. [1]

Later in June, Hutier directed an offensive toward Noyon, which made initial gains but broke down in the face of stiff Allied resistance. For the rest of the war, Hutier's Eighteenth Army fought on the defensive while the Allies launched a strategic counter-offensive that culminated in Germany's total defeat by November. [7]

Later life

Following the Armistice in November 1918, Hutier marched his Army back to Germany, where he was greeted as a hero. He retired from the army in 1919. Like his overall commander and cousin, Ludendorff, Hutier long maintained that the German Army had not been defeated in the field, but was "stabbed in the back" by domestic enemies on the home front. Hutier served as president of the German Officers' League from 1919 to shortly before his death in Berlin on 5 December 1934, at the age of 77. [6] [7]

Decorations and awards

Citations

  1. 1 2 Gudmundsson, p. xiii
  2. 1 2 Pawley, p. 47
  3. "From the Aisne to the Marne". The Independent . 15 June 1918. p. 436. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  4. Wheeler, p. 298
  5. Tucker & Roberts, p. 899
  6. 1 2 3 Pawly, p. 48
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tucker & Roberts, p. 900
  8. Gudmundsson, pp. 114–l16
  9. Gudmundsson, pp. 120–121
  10. Barrett, pp. 52, 225
  11. Gudmundsson, p. 120

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul von Hindenburg</span> German field marshal and statesman (1847–1934)

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death. During his presidency, he played a key role in the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933 when, under pressure from his advisers, he appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erich Ludendorff</span> German military officer and politician (1865–1937)

Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff was a German military officer and politician who contributed significantly to the Nazis' rise to power. He achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914. After his appointment as First Quartermaster General of the Army General Staff in 1916, he became the chief policymaker in a de facto military dictatorship until Germany's defeat. During the Weimar Republic, he took part in the failed 1920 Kapp Putsch and Hitler's 1923 Beer Hall Putsch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermann von François</span> 19/20th-century German army commander

Hermann Karl Bruno von François was a German General der Infanterie during World War I, and is best known for his key role in several German victories on the Eastern Front in 1914.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">German spring offensive</span> WWI military offensive along the Western Front

The German spring offensive, also known as Kaiserschlacht or the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The German Army had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 divisions had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infiltration tactics</span> Infantry bypassing strongpoints

In warfare, infiltration tactics involve small independent light infantry forces advancing into enemy rear areas, bypassing enemy frontline strongpoints, possibly isolating them for attack by follow-up troops with heavier weapons. Soldiers take the initiative to identify enemy weak points and choose their own routes, targets, moments and methods of attack; this requires a high degree of skill and training, and can be supplemented by special equipment and weaponry to give them more local combat options.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwig von Falkenhausen</span> German general

Ludwig Alexander Friedrich August Philipp Freiherr von Falkenhausen was a German officer most notable for his activities during World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)</span> German WWI shock troops

Stormtroopers were specialist infantry soldiers of the German Army. In the last years of World War I, Stoßtruppen were trained to use infiltration tactics – part of the Germans' improved method of attack on enemy trenches. The German Empire entered the war certain that the conflict would be won in the course of great military campaigns, thus relegating results obtained during individual clashes to the background; consequently the best officers, concentrated in the German General Staff, placed their attention on maneuver warfare and the rational exploitation of railways, rather than concentrating on the conduct of battles. This attitude made a direct contribution to operational victories of Germany in Russia, Romania, Serbia and Italy, but it resulted in failure in the West. Thus the German officers on the Western Front found themselves in need of resolving the static situation caused by trench warfare on the battlefield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georg von der Marwitz</span>

Georg Cornelius Adalbert von der Marwitz was a Prussian cavalry general, who commanded several Imperial German armies during the First World War on both the Eastern and Western fronts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otto von Below</span> Prussian military officer

Otto Ernst Vinzent Leo von Below served as a Prussian general officer in the Imperial German Army during the First World War (1914–1918). He arguably became most notable for his command, along with the Austro-Hungarian commander Svetozar Borojević, during the victorious Battle of Caporetto in October–November 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl von Einem</span> Prussian Minister of War

Karl Wilhelm Georg August von Einem genannt von Rothmaler was the commander of the German 3rd Army during the First World War and served as the Prussian Minister of War responsible for much of the German military buildup prior to the outbreak of the war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friedrich Sixt von Armin</span> German general who participated in the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War

Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin was a German general who participated in the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War. In the latter he participated in many battles on the Western Front, including the Battles of Passchendaele and the Lys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fritz von Loßberg</span> German general of the First World War

Friedrich Karl "Fritz" von Loßberg was a German colonel and later general, of the First World War. He was an operational planner, especially of defence. Loßberg served as chief of staff in the 3rd Army, 2nd Army, 6th Army and the 4th Army at the Second Battle of Champagne, Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras and the Third Battle of Ypres.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georg Bruchmüller</span> German artillery officer (1863–1948)

Georg Bruchmüller was a German artillery officer who greatly influenced the development of modern artillery tactics. He was nicknamed Durchbruchmüller, a combination of the German word Durchbruch (breakthrough) with his name.

Franz Hermann Günther von Etzel was a career soldier and general in the Imperial German Army, active in World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">18th Army (German Empire)</span> Military unit

The 18th Army was an army level command of the German Army in World War I. It was formed against France on 27 December 1917 from the former Heeresgruppe Woyrsch command. It served exclusively on the Western Front and was dissolved on 2 January 1919.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hermann von Kuhl</span> German army general

Hermann Josef von Kuhl was a Prussian military officer, member of the German General Staff, and a Generalleutnant during World War I. One of the most competent commanders in the German Army, he retired in 1919 to write a number of critically acclaimed essays on the war. Hermann von Kuhl is one of only three recipients to be distinguished with both the "military class" and "peace class" of the Pour le Mérite, Prussia's and Germany's highest honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl von Plettenberg</span> Prussian officer and General of Infantry

Karl Freiherr von Plettenberg was a Prussian officer, and later General of Infantry during World War I. He was Commandant-General of the Guards Corps, Adjutant General of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II and a recipient of Pour le Mérite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riga offensive (1917)</span> WWI battle over Riga, Latvia

The Riga offensive, also called the Battle of Jugla or the Battle of Riga, took place in early September 1917 and was last major campaign on the Eastern Front of World War I before the Russian Provisional Government and its army began disintegrating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard von Conta</span>

Richard Heinrich Karl von Conta was a German General der Infanterie during World War I. He was notable for his participation in the Battle of Belleau Wood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred von Larisch</span> German World War I general (1856–1856)

Georg Karl Kuno Alfred von Larisch (1856–1952) was a German General of the Infantry during World War I. He commanded the 10th Division, the 81st Reserve Division, the Guard Ersatz Division, and the Generalkommando z.b.V. 54 on the Western and Eastern fronts.

References

Military offices
Preceded by Commander, XXI Corps
4 April 1915 – 2 January 1917
Succeeded by
Preceded by Commander, Armee-Abteilung D
2 January 1917 – 22 April 1917
Succeeded by
Preceded by Commander, 8th Army
22 April 1917 – 12 December 1917
Succeeded by
Preceded by
New Formation
Commander, 18th Army
22 December 1917 – 2 January 1919
Succeeded by
Dissolved