Philip Stanhope by Roubiliac,1745,Victoria and Albert Museum
Philip Dormer Stanhope,4th Earl of Chesterfield,KG,PC (22 September 1694–24 March 1773) was a British statesman,diplomat,and man of letters,and an acclaimed wit of his time.
In the course of his post-graduate tour of Europe,the death of Queen Anne (r. 1702–1714) and the accession of King George I (r. 1714–1727) to the throne opened a political career for Stanhope,and he quickly returned to England. A member of the Whig party,Philip Stanhope entered government service as a courtier to the King,through the mentorship of his relative,James Stanhope,(later 1st Earl Stanhope),the King's favourite minister,who procured his appointment as Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales,George II.[2]
Political career
In 1715,Philip Dormer Stanhope entered the House of Commons as Lord Stanhope of Shelford and as member for St Germans. Later,when the impeachment of James Butler,2nd Duke of Ormonde came before the House,he used the occasion (5 August 1715) to try out the result of his rhetorical studies. His maiden speech was fluent and dogmatic,but upon its conclusion,another member,after first complimenting the speech,reminded the young orator that he was still six weeks short of his age of majority and consequently liable to a fine of £500 for speaking in the House. Lord Stanhope left the House of Commons with a low bow and set out for the Continent.[2]
While in Paris,he sent the government valuable information about the developing Jacobite plot,and in 1716,he returned to Britain,resumed his seat and became known as a skilled yet tactful debater. When King George I quarrelled with his son,the Prince of Wales (George II) the same year,Lord Stanhope remained politically faithful to the Prince but was careful not to break with the King's party.[2] However,his continued friendly correspondence with the Prince's mistress,Henrietta Howard,later Countess of Suffolk,earned Chesterfield the personal hatred of the Prince's wife,Princess Caroline of Ansbach. In 1723,he was voted Captain of the Gentlemen Pensioners. In January 1725,on the revival of the Order of the Bath,the red ribbon was offered to him,but Chesterfield declined the honour.[2]
Upon his father's death in 1726,Lord Stanhope assumed his seat in the House of Lords and became the 4th Earl of Chesterfield. The new Lord Chesterfield's inclination towards oration,often seen as ineffective in the House of Commons because of its polish and lack of force,was met with appreciation in the House of Lords,and won many to his side. In 1728,under service to the new king,George II,Chesterfield was sent to the Hague as ambassador,where his gentle tact and linguistic dexterity served him well. As a reward for his diplomatic service,Chesterfield received the Order of the Garter in 1730,the position of Lord Steward,and the friendship of Robert Walpole.[2] While a British envoy in the Hague,he helped negotiate the second Treaty of Vienna (1731),which signaled the collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance,and the beginning of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance. In 1732,Madelina Elizabeth du Bouchet,a French governess,gave birth to his illegitimate son,Philip for whose advice on life Chesterfield wrote the Letters to his Son. By the end of 1732,ill health and financial troubles led to Chesterfield's return to Britain and his resignation as ambassador[2] In 1731,while at The Hague,Chesterfield initiated the Grand Duke of Tuscany (later to become Francis I,Holy Roman Emperor) from the House of Habsburg-Lorraine into Freemasonry,which was at the time being used as an intelligence network by the British Whigs.
In 1733,Lord Chesterfield married Melusina von der Schulenberg,the Countess of Walsingham,who was the illegitimate daughter of the late King George I and his mistress,the Duchess of Kendal. After recuperating from his illness,Chesterfield resumed his seat in the House of Lords,of which he was now one of the acknowledged leaders. He supported the ministry and leadership of Robert Walpole,the de facto prime minister but withheld the blind fealty that Walpole preferred of his followers. Lord Chesterfield strongly opposed the Excise Bill,the Whig Party leader's favourite measure,in the House of Lords,and his brothers argued against it in the House of Commons.[2] Even though Walpole eventually succumbed to the political fury and abandoned the measure,Chesterfield was summarily dismissed from his stewardship. For the next two years,he led the opposition in the Upper House to effect Walpole's downfall. During that time,he resided in Grosvenor Square and got involved in the creation of a new London charity called the Foundling Hospital for which he was a founding governor.[2]
In 1741,he signed the protest for Walpole's dismissal and went abroad on account of his health;after visiting Voltaire in Brussels,Lord Chesterfield went to Paris where he associated with writers and men of letters,including Crebillon the Younger,Fontenelle and Montesquieu. In 1742,Walpole's fall from political power was complete,but although he and his administration had been overthrown in no small part by Chesterfield's efforts,the new ministry did not count Chesterfield either in its ranks or among its supporters. He remained in opposition and distinguished himself by the courtly bitterness of his attacks on King George II,who learned to hate him violently.[2]
In 1743,Chesterfield began writing under the name of "Jeffrey Broadbottom" for pamphlets and a new journal,Old England;or,the Constitutional Journal,which appeared with quick circulation (broad bottom being a term for a government with cross-party appeal). A number of pamphlets,in some of which Chesterfield had the help of Edmund Waller,followed. His energetic campaign against George II and his government won the gratitude of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough,who left him £20,000 as a mark of her appreciation. In 1744,the King was compelled to abandon Lord Carteret,the successor to Walpole,and the coalition for a "Broad Bottom" party,led by Chesterfield and Pitt,came into office in coalition with the Pelhams.
In the troubled state of European politics,the Earl's calm conduct and diplomatic experience were more useful abroad than at home,and he was sent to The Hague as ambassador for a second time. The object of his mission this time was to persuade the Dutch to join in the War of the Austrian Succession and to arrange the details of their assistance. Success was quickly achieved,and on his return a few weeks afterwards,he received the Lord-Lieutenancy of Ireland,which he had long coveted.[2]
Lord Chesterfield's short administration (January 1745 –November 1746) in Ireland was effective,as he repressed the corruption traditional to the office,and established schools and factories. He was the first official to allow Dubliners to roam in the Phoenix Park,and installed the central "Phoenix Monument",a phoenix bird on a Corinthian column (the 2.8mi main road through the park is still known as Chesterfield Avenue).[4] He worked with and pacified both the Protestant Orange Order and Roman Catholic Jacobite factions;as a result,Irish Jacobites did not assist the Jacobite rising of 1745.[citation needed] Anecdotally,upon being roused for a false alarm of an Irish rebellion and being told that "the papists in Ireland are all up!",he replied:"I am not surprised at it,why,it is ten o'clock,I should have been up too,had I not overslept myself".[5]
In 1746,however,he had to exchange the Lord-Lieutenancy for Secretary of State. Chesterfield had hoped to retain a hold over the King through the influence of Lady Yarmouth,the mistress of George II,but John Montagu (4th Earl of Sandwich) and Thomas Pelham-Holles (1st Duke of Newcastle) combined forces against him,and in 1748,he resigned the seals and returned to his books and playing cards with the admirable composure that was one of his most striking characteristics.[2] Despite his denials,Lord Chesterfield is speculated to have at least helped to write Apology for a late Resignation,in aLetter from an English Gentleman to his Friend at The Hague,which ran for four editions in 1748.[2]
While continuing to attend and participate in the Upper House's proceedings, Lord Chesterfield turned down the dukedom offered him by George II, whose wrath had melted in the face of Chesterfield's diplomacy and rhetoric. In 1751, seconded by George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, the president of the Royal Society, and the mathematician James Bradley, Chesterfield greatly distinguished himself in the debates on establishing a definitive calendar for Britain and the Commonwealth. With the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, he successfully established the Gregorian calendar and a calendar year that began on 1 January for the British realm. Informally, the calendar act also is known as the "Chesterfield's Act". He started gradually to withdraw from both politics and society because of his growing deafness.[2]
In 1755, he and Samuel Johnson had a dispute over A Dictionary of the English Language. Eight years previously (1747), Johnson had sent Secretary of State Chesterfield an outline of his Dictionary, along with a business offer for such; Chesterfield agreed and invested £10. Although Chesterfield wrote two anonymous articles for World magazine shortly before the dictionary's publication that praised both Johnson's exhaustive editorial work and the comprehensive dictionary itself, Johnson was disappointed at the lack of interest in the project from Lord Chesterfield during its compilation. Upset with what he saw as a lack of support from an avowed man of letters and patron of literature, Johnson wrote the Letter to Chesterfield, which dealt with the dynamics of the patron–artist relation.[2] Chesterfield was not offended by the letter but instead impressed by the language. After receiving it, he displayed it on a table for visitors to read and, according to Robert Dodsley, said "This man has great powers" and then he "pointed out the severest passages, and observed how well they were expressed". Adams told Johnson what was said, and Johnson responded, "That is not Lord Chesterfield; he is the proudest man this day". Adams responded, "No, there is one person at least as proud; I think, by your own account, you are the prouder man of the two". Johnson, finishing, said, "But mine, was defensive pride".[6]
In the 1760s, Chesterfield offered a cogent critique of the Stamp Act 1765 passed by George Grenville's parliament. In a letter to his friend, the Duke of Newcastle, Chesterfield noted the absurdity of the Stamp Act because it could not be properly enforced, but if effective, the Act would generate a revenue no greater than £8000 per year, but the annual cost of reduced trade from the American colonies would be about £1,000,000.[7]
Letters to His Son
Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield by William Hoare.
Eugenia Stanhope, the impoverished widow of Chesterfield's illegitimate son, Philip Stanhope, was the first to publish the book Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man of the World and a Gentleman (1774), which comprises a thirty-year correspondence in more than 400 letters. Begun in 1737 and continued until the death of his son in 1768, Chesterfield wrote mostly instructive communications about geography, history, and classical literature, with later letters focusing on politics and diplomacy, and the letters themselves were written in French, English and Latin to refine his son's grasp of the languages.
As a handbook for worldly success in the 18th century, the Letters to His Son give perceptive and nuanced advice for how a gentleman should interpret the social codes that are manners:
... However frivolous a company may be, still, while you are among them, do not show them, by your inattention, that you think them so; but rather take their tone, and conform in some degree to their weakness, instead of manifesting your contempt for them. There is nothing that people bear more impatiently, or forgive less, than contempt; and an injury is much sooner forgotten than an insult. If, therefore, you would rather please than offend, rather be well than ill spoken of, rather be loved than hated; remember to have that constant attention about you which flatters every man's little vanity; and the want of which, by mortifying his pride, never fails to excite his resentment, or at least his ill will....[8]
Samuel Johnson said of the letters that "they teach the morals of a whore, and the manners of a dancing-master" as means for getting on in the world as a gentleman.[9]
Despite having been an accomplished essayist and epigrammatist in his time, Lord Chesterfield's literary reputation today derives almost entirely from Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man of the World and a Gentleman (1774) and Letters to His Godson (1890), books of private correspondence and paternal and avuncular advice that he never intended for publication.[2]
Need for legitimate heir
Chesterfield House in 1760 (Old & New London, 1878)
In 1768 Chesterfield's beloved but illegitimate son, Philip Stanhope, died in France of dropsy, which left behind his widow, Eugenia Stanhope and their two illegitimate sons, Charles and Philip. Despite his short life, the privileged education provided by his father, Lord Chesterfield, allowed Philip an honourable career in the diplomatic service of Britain, despite being handicapped as a nobleman's illegitimate son. The grieving Chesterfield was disappointed to learn that Philip's long and mostly secret-relationship (they married the year before his death) had been to Eugenia, a woman of a humble social class since that was a topic that he had covered at length in the Letters to his Son. However, Lord Chesterfield bequeathed an annuity of £100 to each of his grandsons, Charles Stanhope (1761–1845) and Philip Stanhope (1763–1801), and a further £10,000 for them both but left no pension for his widowed daughter-in-law, Eugenia. It was that lack of funds that led to Eugenia to sell the Letters to his Son to a publisher.[2]
Left without a legitimate heir to his lands and property (he and his wife, Melusina von der Schulenburg had no children together) Lord Chesterfield acted to protect his hereditary interests by adopting his distant cousin and godson, Philip Stanhope (1755–1815), as his heir and successor to the title Earl of Chesterfield.[2]
Shakespeare was undoubtedly very fine in his way; Milton good, though prosy; Lord Bacon deep, and decidedly knowing; but the writer who should be his country's pride, is my Lord Chesterfield.
The first leather Chesterfield sofa, with its distinctive deep buttoned, quilted leather upholstery and lower seat base, is believed to have been commissioned by this Lord Chesterfield. Consequently, in the UK, the word chesterfield now describes a deep buttoned sofa, usually made from leather, with arms and back of the same height. In Canada, chesterfield used to be the predominant term for any type of couch, but has been decreasing in popularity among the younger generations.[12]
Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford,, known between 1725 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British statesman and Whig politician who, as First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leader of the House of Commons, is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Earl of Chesterfield, in the County of Derby, was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1628 for Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Stanhope. He had been created Baron Stanhope, of Shelford in the County of Nottingham, in 1616, also in the Peerage of England. Stanhope's youngest son, the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, was the father of James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, while his half-brother Sir John Stanhope of Elvaston was the great-grandfather of William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington.
James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope was a British soldier, diplomat and statesman who effectively served as Chief Minister between 1717 and 1721. He is also the last Chancellor of the Exchequer to sit in the House of Lords.
Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, was an English lawyer and politician who served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. He was a close confidant of the Duke of Newcastle, Prime Minister between 1754 and 1756 and 1757 until 1762.
Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope,, styled Viscount Mahon between 1816 and 1855, was an English antiquarian and Tory politician. He held political office under Sir Robert Peel in the 1830s and 1840s but is best remembered for his contributions to cultural causes and for his historical writings.
Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield PC FRS was a peer in the peerage of England.
Earl Stanhope was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. The earldom was created in 1718 for Major General James Stanhope, a principal minister of King George I, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. He was the son of the Hon. Alexander Stanhope, fifth and youngest son of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield. In 1717, James Stanhope had been raised to the peerage as Viscount Stanhope, of Mahón in the Island of Minorca, and Baron Stanhope, of Elvaston in the County of Derby, with special remainder, failing heirs male of his body, to his second cousin John Stanhope of Elvaston and the heirs male of his body. These titles were also in the Peerage of Great Britain. The heir apparent of the Earls Stanhope used Viscount Mahon as a courtesy title.
Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield KG, PC, FRS, FSA, known as Philip Stanhope until 1773, was a British politician and diplomat. He was British Ambassador to Spain between 1784 and 1787, Master of the Mint between 1789 and 1790, Joint Postmaster General between 1790 and 1798 and Master of the Horse between 1798 and 1804.
Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield was an English nobleman, aristocrat and royalist, who was created the first Earl of Chesterfield by King Charles I in 1628.
Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield was an Irish-born beauty. She was a courtier after the Restoration at the court of Charles II of England at Whitehall. She was the second wife of Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield.
John Stanhope, of Blackheath, Kent was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1727 and 1748.
Philip Stanhope was the illegitimate son of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, to whom the famous Letters to His Son were addressed. His mother was a French governess, Madelina Elizabeth du Bouchet.
The novel of manners is a work of fiction that re-creates a social world, conveying with detailed observation the complex of customs, values, and mores of a stratified society. The behavioural conventions (manners) of the society dominate the plot of the story, and characters are differentiated by the degree to which they meet or fail to meet the uniform standard of ideal social behaviour, as established by society.
William Neville Hart was a British banker, politician and diplomat. He was born to Denise Gougeon, the wife of Lewis Augustus Blondeau. His mother was the Under Housekeeper or Mistress of the King's Household, a position she was to hold for more than fifty years. Denise was the sister of Esther Gougeon, the wife of Daniel Cornelius de Beaufort. Hart's father held various positions at Court including that of Gentleman Usher to King George II.
Stanhope Aspinwall was a British diplomat. He was born to Richard Aspinwall and his wife Elizabeth Stanhope, the great granddaughter of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield, the granddaughter of Arthur Stanhope and daughter of Charles Stanhope.
Elizabeth Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, was an English noblewoman and the wife of Scottish peer John Lyon, 4th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Born to Lady Elizabeth Butler and Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield, her paternity was in doubt. It is possible that her actual father was James, Duke of York, who would in 1685 ascend the throne as King James II of England.
Mary Hervey, Lady Hervey was an English courtier.
Solomon Dayrolles was an English diplomat.
Hon. Sir William Stanhope (1702–72), of Eythrope, Buckinghamshire, was an English landowner and opposition Whig politician, who sat in the House of Commons for 35 years between 1727 and 1768. Afflicted with deafness and ill-health, he travelled frequently and was often absent from Parliament.
The Whig Split occurred between 1717 and 1720, when the British Whig Party divided into two factions: one in government, led by James Stanhope; the other in opposition, dominated by Robert Walpole. It coincided with a dispute between George I and his son George, Prince of Wales, with the latter siding with the opposition Whigs. It is also known as the Whig Schism.
↑ Patrick, Rambourg (2010). Histoire de la cuisine et de la gastronomie françaises: du Moyen Âge au XXe siècle. Paris: Perrin. ISBN9782262033187. OCLC708380012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
