In late January and early February 2017, during protests against Executive Order 13769, thousands of people gathered at various airports in the United States and around the world to prevent the returning of refugees and other visitors from seven countries considered to be unsafe.[1] According to various sources, more than two thousand people were at the protest at John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York City[2][3] with other protests appearing at significant international airports and other important sites around the United States. Protests continued daily and internationally through February 6.[4][5][6][7] Protests also continued after a federal judge issued a temporary restraining order against parts of the travel ban.[8]
On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order which created a suspension of admissions of all refugees entering the United States for 120 days and an indefinite block for Syrian refugees.[9] The order also blocked citizens from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen from entering the U.S. for 90 days.[9]Green card holders from these countries were also affected.[10]
Approximately 27 air passengers coming into airports around the United States were either detained or sent home on January 28.[10] By January 29, an estimated 375 travelers had been affected by the order.[11] Two Iraqi detainees were released from the JFK airport, and as of 6p.m. (local) 11 remained.[10] On January 29, there were still two detainees left inside the airport.[12] One was Hameed Jhalid Darweesh, an Iraqi interpreter for the United States Army.[13] Darweesh was held for twelve hours without being allowed to see his lawyers.[14] Two elderly and disabled Iranian citizens with green cards were detained for hours at Washington Dulles International Airport.[15] President Trump told the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) that Christian refugees will be given priority in terms of refugee status in the United States.[16]
A later series of protests occurred in Europe and Asia on February 4.[32]
New York City
'Trump Immigration Order Sparks Protests at NY Airport' report from Voice of America
The protest started January 28, with a small group[17] of around thirty people[33] sometime near 11 a.m. EST.[34] Protesters gathered in front of Terminal 4, where international arrivals take place.[13] As advocacy groups, such as the New York Immigration Coalition, called out to protesters on social media, the crowd grew.[29] The protesters were gathered to denounce Trump's executive order and to show support for refugees and immigrants.[35] The demonstration grew large enough by sunset that it spread into the parking deck near the terminal.[17] Demonstrators brought signs, chanted slogans and called the action a "Muslim ban".[29] The protesters marched from terminal to terminal.[36] Throughout the day, state representatives, Nydia Velázquez and Jerry Nadler were present to help constituents affected by the ban.[33]
A companion protest sprang up on Staten Island in the evening, taking place in Port Richmond.[37] Another protest took place at Battery Park on Sunday. Chelsea Clinton was one of the protesters at that location.[38] There were several thousand protesters at Battery Park.[39] Protests continued at the JFK airport on Sunday as well.[33]
Other groups involved in the protest included Make the Road New York, Jews for Racial and Economic Justice (JFREJ), Black Latino Asian Caucus members.[40] The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was also involved in the protests, having expressed anger that the executive order, which would have harmed the prospects of Muslim refugees, was signed on International Holocaust Remembrance Day, and groups of Jews broke Sabbath to join the protests.[41][42] From 6to 7p.m., taxi drivers of the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA) stopped picking up passengers at the JFK airport in protest of those detained.[43][44] The taxi boycott resulted in increase Uber pricing as a result of its dynamic pricing model.[45] In the evening, the police were turning away anyone without airplane tickets from using the AirTrain.[17] After 8p.m., Governor Andrew Cuomo asked that people be allowed to board the Air Train once again.[17]
Late in the evening on January 28, Ann Donnelly, a Federal District court judge in Brooklyn for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York,[9] blocked part of the executive order, "providing immediate relief to dozens stranded at airports around the country."[46] In the U.S. District Courts in Seattle and Virginia, similar rulings were made.[46] This emergency stay will allow affected individuals with valid visas to stay in the US.[47] However, lawyers from the American Civil Liberties Union and Zachary Manfredi from Yale's Worker and Immigrant Rights Advocacy Clinic caution that individuals detained at the airports could still be transferred to different detention facilities.[47] Reports coming from midnight, January 28, indicated that Legal Aid lawyers were still not given access to clients being held inside of JFK.[36] In Brooklyn, demonstrators waited outside the Federal District court as the case was being decided.[9] Additionally, two Iraqi men who had been detained have filed lawsuits on January 28 against both Trump and the United States government over the issue.[40][lower-alpha 1]
President Donald Trump was quoted as saying that his executive order's ban is "working out very nicely. You see it at the airports, you see it all over."[48] Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani said President Trump had come to him for guidance over the ruling, which Giuliani described as a "Muslim ban".[49]
Protests on January 29 at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Atlanta
On January 29, about two thousand people gathered outside of the domestic terminal at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport to protest the ban and the detention of 11 airplane passengers taken into custody the previous day.[50] The detained individuals included a 10-year-old girl and an elderly woman. Civil rights activist John Lewis and Georgia State RepresentativeStacey Abrams participated in the protest.[51] Atlanta mayor Kasim Reed was also on site to speak to the media, although he did not join the demonstration. During the protest, Reed announced that the 11 people detained at the airport had been released.[52][53]
Baltimore
Over 2,000 protesters arrived at Baltimore/Washington International Airport (BWI) on Sunday, January 29, 2017 to protest the Trump immigration order.[21] The protest was held at the reception area for international arrivals, and filled the entire two floors of the atrium. Calls for protests to be held at Baltimore/Washington International Airport appeared on social media early Sunday for that evening, inspired by the protests at JFK Airport. The protests were called for 5pm, and lasted several hours into the night. [54] Protestors arrived from across the Baltimore-Washington D.C. region, and were of every ethnicity and religion including a noticeable presence of religious Jews from Pikesville, Maryland. [55] Lawyers were present to provide legal services to refugees and green-card holders. No foreign arrivals were known to be detained at BWI airport on January 29, 2017. The protest was attended by notable members of Maryland government and members of United States Congress.[56] The protests were peaceful and ended without incident, inviting a response on social media from BWI thanking protesters for a safe protest.[57]
The protest in Los Angeles initially saw around 200 protesters on Saturday.[3] Protesters marched and chanted, growing to 400 people by 7:30p.m., when word came that Federal judges had stayed the executive order.[58] Seven people had been detained in the LAX because of the executive order.[59] Attorneys specializing in immigration law created a "makeshift office" in the Bradley Terminal to help travelers in need.[59]
(1/29/17) Solidarity at Los Angeles International AirportFree Legal Muslim Ban Protest
The protest at the Los Angeles International Airport grew to thousands of people who filled the Tom Bradley International Terminal and spilling out to the street.[60]
Sit Down at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to Protest Trump's Muslim Travel Ban.
The local ABC News station said about four thousand protesters were there again to protest on Sunday.[61] A smaller group of counter-protesters also showed up at the airport, and the resulting clash caused the road next to Terminal 3 to be shut down for an hour.[62] Later on Sunday, World Way was blocked when protesters sat down and refused to move until all people detained in the airport were released.[63] By 10p.m. two protesters had been arrested for blocking traffic, then cited and released.[63] Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti promised the city would be a refuge for all people.[62] Because of the protest, some travelers leaving Los Angeles missed their flights.[64]
On Sunday, protesters in Sacramento started demonstrating in Terminal B of the Sacramento International Airport.[65] The city's mayor, Darrell Steinberg, was on hand and said, "Mr. Trump, we will fight you every step of the way."[65] Some Sacramento protesters were heckled by those who agreed with the executive order.[66]
At the San Francisco International Airport (SFO), about a thousand protesters showed up in support of refugees.[67] Initially, US Customs and Border Protection denied holding any travellers at the airport.[68] Five travellers had been detained and each was released by Sunday afternoon.[69] The protest blocked the International arrival area in front of the airport and closed the street.[70] California Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom and Google co-founder Sergey Brin attended the SFO protest.[71] Around 60 people had gathered by 6am Sunday morning to demonstrate at SFO.[72] By noon the crowd had returned to its earlier size of around a thousand protesters.[69]
On January 30 about two thousand employees of Google staged a protest in the company's headquarters, Googleplex in Mountain View, as well as seven of its other offices.[74][75][76][77]
In Chicago, hundreds of protesters showed up at O'Hare International Airport to protest the detention of 17 travelers.[79] By Saturday night, there were more than a thousand people present and traffic was shut down near Terminal 5.[80] Eighteen travelers had been detained Saturday; all were finally released.[81] On Sunday, at least another 50 were kept for additional questioning.[80] Mayor Rahm Emanuel, Representatives Jan Schakowsky and Elaine Nekritz were there to support the demonstration.[81] Protests at O'Hare slowed down somewhat during the day on Sunday only to begin again both inside and outside around 6p.m.[81] By 7p.m. there were hundreds of protesters at the airport.[80]
Detroit
Protests against Executive Order 13769 at Detroit Metropolitan airport. Banner saying "no ban no wall" can be seen which became a very popular slogan and online hashtag during the protests.Protesters in Detroit
People and organizations in Detroit organized a protest on January 29 at the Metropolitan Airport which drew an estimated 2,500 prostestors.[82][83] Hundreds turned out in protests in the nearby suburbs of Dearborn and Hamtramck, which have significant Muslim American and immigrant populations.[83] Protesters demonstrated as snow fell and the Detroit Free Press reported that their voices "could be above the roar of jet engines."[84] The airport's Authority Public Safety team coordinated with protest organizers to ensure the protest would be safe and that the demonstrators could be heard. No one was arrested.[85]
On January 29, more than two thousand protesters, including the mayor and other officials and politicians, gathered at the airport in Portland to protest the travel ban. A smaller rally was also held in Bangor.[86]
In Cambridge at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), around 200 students staged a demonstration on Sunday in solidarity with classmates like engineering student, Niki Mossafer Rahmati, who were affected by the ban.[87]
On Monday, January 30, protesters against the executive order in Columbus were sprayed with pepper spray by police when they would not disperse.[4] There were hundreds of demonstrators on Monday night which started at the Statehouse.[89]
Orlando
About a thousand people held a demonstration at 1:30p.m. inside the Orlando International Airport's Terminal B.[90] The demonstration included Florida State Representatives Carlos Guillermo Smith and Amy Mercado. Although there was a significant police presence, there were no incidents, arrests, or disruptions of any airport activities. This was the first demonstration ever staged at the Orlando International Airport. One Iranian and two Syrians were held by customs officers at the airport for roughly seven hours.[91]
Philadelphia
Protesters in Philadelphia
Four to five thousand people held a demonstration between 2 and 5p.m. at Philadelphia International Airport's Terminal A.[92] Speakers included U.S. Representative Bob Brady, members of Philadelphia City Council, and airport employees. The demonstration had the support of Governor Tom Wolf who had met with Syrian refugee families whose relatives had been sent back to the Middle East after over the weekend. Others detained at the airport were released during the protests.[93]
Portland, Oregon
On Saturday, there were around 150 demonstrators inside the Portland International Airport (PDX).[94] While there was an ordinance against marching at the airport, no tickets had been issued by 4:15p.m.[95] Portland also had around 400 protesters who gathered at the Terry Schrunk Plaza on Monday.[96] Monday's protest was organized by a group called Unite Oregon.[96] City commissioners, Amanda Fritz and Nick Fish, and staff from Senator Jeff Merkley's office attended.[96] During the Monday protest, a 20-year-old man was arrested for "brandishing a replica gun" while he was driving past the rally in his truck.[97] He was charged with second-degree disorderly conduct.[97]
The crowd in Seattle on January 28, which grew to more than three thousand, was supported at an on-site news conference by numerous elected officials, including Governor Jay Inslee.[22][99][100] "Up to 13 people" were detained in the Seattle airport.[28] In Seattle, the Port police used pepper spray on crowds and around 15 people were arrested.[101]
Link light rail service to the airport's station was halted for 30 minutes during the protest at the request of Port of Seattle Police. It was later restored by Sound Transit, the service's owner, amid criticism that the request limited the freedom of assembly at the airport, a public space.[102][103] On January 30, Sound Transit and transit operator King County Metro formalized a new protocol requiring future requests from law enforcement to suspend service be approved by the CEO or general manager as a result of the shutdown.[104]
On Monday, January 30, Google workers in Seattle walked out of work in protest against the ban.[105]
There were over 800 protesters at the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport.[28] The airport had detained 13 travelers,[107] one of whom was an elderly woman and green card holder from Iran who was kept in the airport overnight.[108] Another 800 protesters arrived Sunday to continue to protest Trump's executive order.[107] Nine detainees were released to their families off-site on Sunday, January 29. Dallas mayor Mike Rawlings, who had previously expressed concern over the detention, met with the travellers and expressed apologies on behalf of the people of Dallas.[109]
The city of El Paso hosted a small demonstration of around 30 people on Sunday at the El Paso International Airport in a protest organized by Muslims of El Paso and Friends.[110]
In Houston, protests took place around the city over the course of the weekend.[111] On January 28, demonstrators went to George Bush Intercontinental Airport to protest.[112] On Sunday, protesters filled the George Bush Intercontinental Airport to capacity.[113] More than a thousand people marched near Discovery Green (which at the time hosted Super Bowl Live) to demonstrate against the executive order.[113][114] Further protests took place during Super Bowl weekend.[115]
A crowd of around 1,200 protesters against Trump marched on February 4, 2017, through the city of Berlin. The protest rallied in front of the U.S. Embassy and near the Brandenburg Gate.[8] The Los Angeles Times reported that "Trump's actions and tough talk on a number of issues in his first two weeks have deeply unsettled many Germans."[8] The protest was organized by a group called The Coalition and also targeted Trump's planned wall between Mexico and the United States.[121] Following these protests, German Chancellor Angela Merkel also criticized the order and claimed that "the necessary and decisive battle against terrorism does not in any way justify putting groups of certain people under general suspicion, in this case people of Muslim belief or of a certain origin".[122] Merkel also touched on the importance of welcoming those fleeing war, saying the Travel Ban "contradicts the base concept of international aid for refugees."[122] Merkel also touched on the Syrian refugee crisis and mentioned that countries should be welcoming these refugees fleeing war instead of promoting travel bans.
United Kingdom
Protests in Whitehall, London, January 30, 2017Protester on July 13, 2017, at Trafalgar Square, London. The sign refers to online protests, i.e. hashtags.
A mass protest in London was scheduled for Monday evening, with nine thousand people registering on Facebook and another sixteen thousand stating they were interested in attending.[123]Owen Jones was one of the organizers of the event which protested the executive order.[124] Protesters also asked that a recent invitation to President Trump to visit the UK be rescinded.[125] The march towards Downing Street began around 6p.m.[126] The march packed Westminster station and brought Whitehall to a "standstill."[124] Thousands of protesters joined the demonstration.[127]
A group of around 300 people gathered to protest in January in Hastings. One speaker, Dominic Buxton, said that "we will not let Trump divide us".[128]
On February 4, 2017, about ten thousand people protested in London against May's support of Trump.[32]
United Kingdom has been active on protesting against the travel ban also known as the Executive Order 13769. At least 30 rallies have occurred in the UK since the travel ban went into effect and the protests have been .[129]
On July 13, 2018, President Trump visited London and faced protests by thousands at Trafalgar Square in London and Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire.[130] Protesters carried various banners that criticized President Trump's policies with some saying "Trump Not Welcome", "Together Against Trump", "No to Racism, No to Trump", "Dump Trump" and "World's No. 1 racist".[130] Another demonstration was led by Amnesty International activists where they unfurled a banner on Vauxhall Bridge in Central London that said "Human Rights Nightmare" and had Trump's portrait on it.[130]
Reactions
Former United States President Barack Obama publicly stated that he disagreed with the travel ban and was "heartened by the level of engagement taking place in communities around the country."[131] In response, Larry Klayman sued Obama, alleging his comments incited a protester at the Los Angeles International Airport.[132]
Many other celebrities reacted to the travel ban on social media including Lin-Manuel Miranda, Bette Midler, Stephen Colbert, Morgan Freeman, and Mia Farrow.[133] In June 2018 Donald Trump posted a tweet saying "Supreme Court upholds Trump travel ban. WOW!". Many celebrities responded to this including Morgan Freeman who said "Making America White Again! Huge step back towards much darker days."[133] American artist Lin-Manuel Miranda tweeted, "Shameful day for the Supreme Court". The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) also posted a tweet saying, "This is not the first time the court has been wrong, or has allowed official racism and xenophobia to continue rather than standing up to it."[133][134]
Along with the protests all around the country and the world, reactions on social media have become a major contributor to the protests as celebrities and social media users continued to contribute to the hashtags related to the protests. The celebrities mentioned above all have officially approved Twitter accounts with millions of followers which shows that their tweets and activities become available to an audience and allows the hashtags and topic on the travel ban to appear on the trending section of Twitter and other social media platforms.[135]
Social media reactions
Image from the protests at Washington D.C where the protester is holding a banner that says "No ban no wall" which became a popular hashtag on the internet and social media.
The protests against Executive Order 13769 also spread on social media and the internet. On January 25, 2017, protesters gathered in New York and chanted "No ban no wall".[136] The chant became a symbol of the protests all around the country including protests in Seattle[137] and Washington, D.C.[136] These chants were soon used on Twitter as #nobannowall to protest president Trump's border wall and travel ban policies also known as Executive Orders 13769 and 13767. The hashtag #nobannowwall soon became popular on other social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram and Tumblr. On Facebook, users created pages to coordinate protests such as "No Ban No Wall SF".[138] The "No Ban No Wall SF" page was used to create a protest event where 22,000 people expressed interest and 10,000 were expected to attend to the event.[138]
Twitter was actively used by Donald Trump as he posted tweets regarding the travel ban. Even before the protests, on March 25, 2016, President Trump tweeted "It is amazing how often I am right, only to be criticized by the media. Illegal immigration, take the oil, build the wall, Muslims, Nato!"[139] In another Tweet on September 15, 2017, Trump said "The travel ban into the United States should be far larger, tougher and more specific - but stupidly, that would not be politically correct!"[140]
Tweets related to the order came not only from Donald Trump; many social media users and some celebrities posted tweets in response to his policy. Mia Farrow tweeted, "Travel ban is born of this president's xenophobia" and said "it also makes clear that we need laws to govern a tyrannical president."[141]
Related hashtags
Protests at Portland, Oregon. The banner shows some of the related hashtags on social media used to protest Executive Order 13769. These chants were used on social media as #nobannowall and #noTrump.
The hashtag #nobanowall soon became related to others:
#noTrump: This hashtag also became very popular on social media platforms and was used by protesters who criticized Trump's policies.
#GrandparentsNotTerrorists: President Trump's travel ban was planned to suspend the issuance of visas to refugees and citizens of North Korea, Venezuela, Libya, Iran, Somalia, Syria and Yemen.[9] However, it was stated that refugees or citizens of these countries who have a "bona fide relationship" with a person in the US would be exempt from this ban.[142] This meant that grandparents, grandchildren, aunts and uncles were not exempt of the travel ban. The National Iranian American Council[143] started this protest on Twitter and other social media platforms using the hashtag #grandparentsnotterrorist. Social media users used this hashtag to highlight the fact that the order was barring entry to grandparents and others who wished to see their family.
#MuslimBan: This hashtag was used by people who wanted to add to the discussion of Executive Order 13769. In posts related to this hashtag, there are posts from supporters as well as those who oppose President Trump's policy.[144]
In opposition to the executive order, over 350,000 people donated to the ACLU.[145] The organization collected more money over the weekend of January 28 than it did during all of 2016.[145]Lyft was one of the companies that donated, giving $1 million (~$1.24million in 2023) to the ACLU.[45] Because Uber was seen as acting as strike-breakers during the New York taxi strike and also because Uber's CEO, Travis Kalanick, had agreed to serve on an economic advisory panel for Trump, many protesters are boycotting Uber and using Lyft or traditional taxi service instead.[146]
Starbucks pledged to hire 10,000 refugees worldwide over the next five years as a response to the executive order.[147]
On January 28, writer Eoin Higgins called for using the momentum of the JFK protests as a prelude to a general strike.[148]
Small businesses and bodegas in New York City owned by Yemeni immigrants closed from noon to 8p.m. on February2 in protest against the executive order.[5] It was expected that more than a thousand businesses would be shut down.[149] In the evening, many of the business owners and supporters demonstrated at Brooklyn Borough Hall.[150]
The United Talent Agency (UTA) cancelled its annual Oscars party to protest the travel ban.[151] The amount to be spent on the party, $250,000, was donated to the ACLU instead.[151]
Impact
Muslims in New York City had reported feeling supported by the protests and more a part of the community.[152] In the United Kingdom, Muslims also "appreciated the show of solidarity."[125]
A sanctuary city is a municipality that limits or denies its cooperation with the national government in enforcing immigration law.
Consumer activism is a process by which activists seek to influence the way in which goods or services are produced or delivered. Kozinets and Handelman define it as any social movement that uses society's drive for consumption to the detriment of business interests. For Eleftheria Lekakis, author of Consumer Activism: Promotional Culture and Resistance, it includes a variety of consumer practices that range from boycotting and ‘buycotting’ to alternative economic practices, lobbying businesses or governments, practising minimal or mindful consumption, or addressing the complicity of advertising in climate change. Consumer activism includes both activism on behalf of consumers for consumer protection and activism by consumers themselves. Consumerism is made up of the behaviors, institutions, and ideologies created from the interaction between people and the materials and services they consume. Consumer activism has several aims:
The Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) is a treaty, entered into force on 29 December 2004, between the governments of Canada and the United States to better manage the flow of refugee claimants at the shared land border.
Sally Quillian Yates is an American lawyer. From 2010 to 2015, she was United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia. In 2015, she was appointed United States Deputy Attorney General by President Barack Obama. Following the inauguration of President Donald Trump and the departure of Attorney General Loretta Lynch on January 20, 2017, Yates served as Acting Attorney General for 10 days.
Protests against Donald Trump have occurred in the United States, Europe and elsewhere from his entry into the 2016 presidential campaign to his loss to Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. Protests have expressed opposition to Trump's campaign rhetoric, his electoral win, his inauguration, his alleged history of sexual misconduct and various presidential actions, most notably his travel ban in 2017 and his aggressive family separation policy in 2018. Some protests have taken the form of walk-outs, business closures, and petitions as well as rallies, demonstrations, and marches. While most protests have been peaceful, actionable conduct such as vandalism and assaults on Trump supporters has occurred. Some protesters have been criminally charged with rioting. The largest organized protest against Trump was the day after his inauguration; millions protested on January 21, 2017, during the Women's March, with each individual city's protest taken into consideration, makes it the largest single-day protest in the history of the United States.
The first 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency began on January 20, 2017, the day Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States. The first 100 days of a presidential term took on symbolic significance during Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office, and the period is considered a benchmark to measure the early success of a president. The 100th day of his presidency ended at noon on April 30, 2017.
The following is a timeline of the protests against Donald Trump, the former president of the United States of America, businessman, and television personality.
Immigration policy, including illegal immigration to the United States, was a signature issue of former U.S. president Donald Trump's presidential campaign, and his proposed reforms and remarks about this issue generated much publicity. Trump has repeatedly said that illegal immigrants are criminals.
Executive Order 13769, titled Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, labeled the "Muslim ban" by Donald Trump and his supporters and critics, and commonly known as such, or commonly referred to as the Trump travel ban, or Trump Muslim travel ban, was an executive order by President Trump. Except for the extent to which it was blocked by various courts, it was in effect from January 27, 2017, until March 6, 2017, when it was superseded by Executive Order 13780, a second order sharing the title "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States".
Executive Order 13769 was signed by U.S. President Donald Trump on January 27, 2017, and quickly became the subject of legal challenges in the federal courts of the United States. The order sought to restrict travel from seven Muslim majority countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. The plaintiffs challenging the order argued that it contravened the United States Constitution, federal statutes, or both. On March 16, 2017, Executive Order 13769 was superseded by Executive Order 13780, which took legal objections into account and removed Iraq from affected countries. Then on September 24, 2017, Executive Order 13780 was superseded by Presidential Proclamation 9645 which is aimed at more permanently establishing travel restrictions on those countries except Sudan, while adding North Korea and Venezuela which had not previously been included.
Many organizations reacted to the enactment of Executive Order 13769, titled "Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States," which was an executive order issued by United States President Donald Trump. Domestically, the order was criticized by Democratic and Republican members of Congress, universities, business leaders, major corporations, Catholic bishops, and Jewish organizations. Some 1,000 U.S. diplomats signed a dissent cable opposing the order, setting a record. Public opinion was divided, with initial national polls yielding inconsistent results. Protests against the order erupted in airports and cities.
The Trump travel ban denotes a series of executive actions taken by Donald Trump as President of the United States, beginning with Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States.
State of Washington and State of Minnesota v. Trump, 847 F.3d 1151, was a lawsuit that challenged the constitutionality of Executive Order 13769, issued by U.S. president Donald Trump.
Executive Order 13780, titled Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, was an executive order signed by United States President Donald Trump on March 6, 2017. It placed a 90-day restriction on entry to the U.S. by nationals of Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen, and barred entry for all refugees who did not possess either a visa or valid travel documents for 120 days. This executive order—sometimes called "Travel Ban 2.0"—revoked and replaced Executive Order 13769 issued on January 27, 2017.
Omar Suleiman is an American Muslim scholar, civil rights activist, public speaker, and author. He is the founding president of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research and an adjunct professor of Islamic studies and member of the Ethics Center Advisory Board at Southern Methodist University.
International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump, 883 F. 3d 233, was a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, sitting en banc, upholding an injunction against enforcement of Proclamation No. 9645, titled "Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats", a presidential proclamation signed by President Donald Trump on September 24, 2017. The proclamation indefinitely suspends the entry into the U.S. of some or all immigrant and non-immigrant travelers from eight countries. It is a successor to Executive Order 13769, entitled "Protection of the Nation from Terrorist Entry into the United States," which were also enjoined by the District Court of Maryland and the Fourth Circuit in a case decided in 2017 by the same name of International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump, 857 F.3d 554.
Trump v. Hawaii, No. 17-965, 585 U.S. ___ (2018), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case involving Presidential Proclamation 9645 signed by President Donald Trump, which restricted travel into the United States by people from several nations, or by refugees without valid travel documents. Hawaii and several other states and groups challenged the Proclamation and two predecessor executive orders also issued by Trump on statutory and constitutional grounds. Citing a variety of statements by Trump and administration officials, they argued that the proclamation and its predecessor orders were motivated by anti-Muslim animus.
Joe Biden's immigration policy is primarily based on reversing many of the immigration policies of the previous Trump administration. During his first day in office, Biden reversed many of Trump's policies on immigration, such as halting the construction of the Mexican border wall, ending Trump's travel ban restricting travel from 14 countries, and an executive order to reaffirm protections for DACA recipients. The Biden administration and Department of Homeland Security, under leadership of Alejandro Mayorkas, dramatically reined in deportation practices of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), prioritizing national security and violent crime concerns over petty and nonviolent offenses. However, Biden has also faced criticism for extending Title 42, a Trump administration border restriction that arose due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as restarting the use of expediting families in Central America, which can cause families to be sent back in weeks, compared to years for an average immigration case. In the fiscal year 2021, the US Border Patrol confirmed more than 1.6 million encounters with migrants along the US-Mexico border, more than quadruple the number in the previous fiscal year and the largest annual total on record. In January 2023, Biden announced a program to strengthen the admission of immigrants from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, while at the same time his administration will crack down on those who fail to use the plan's legal pathway and strengthen border security. In May 2023, the Biden Administration approved sending 1,500 more troops to the U.S.-Mexico border following Title 42's expiration.
Tahanie Aboushi is a Palestinian-American civil rights lawyer and partner at The Aboushi Law Firm in New York City with two of her siblings. She was a Democratic candidate for Manhattan District Attorney in the June 2021 Democratic primary election, finishing third in the primary. Aboushi's platform included plans to decline to prosecute charges stemming from poverty, mental illness, substance use, or sex work.
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