Rebutia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina. They are generally small, colorful cacti, globular in form, which freely produce flowers that are relatively large in relation to the body. They have no distinctive ribs, but do have regularly arranged small tubercles. They are considered fairly easy to grow and they may produce large quantities of seeds that germinate freely around the parent plant.
The limits of the genus are currently uncertain – in particular whether or not it includes species formerly or currently placed in the genera Aylostera, Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia. The number of species included varies widely from source to source. A very large number of plants that have been treated in cultivation as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of a much smaller number of species.
Taxonomy
The genus was designated in 1895 by Karl Moritz Schumann[2] and named after Pierre Rebut (1828–1902), a French cactus nurseryman. The type species is R.minuscula, which has been in cultivation since 1887.[3][4]
Limits of the genus
There has been considerable debate about the extent of the genus. In the middle of the twentieth century there was a tendency to separate groups of plants within Rebutia as new genera, e.g. Mediolobivia, whereas towards the end of the century the reverse tendency predominated, with genera previously regarded as separate, such as Weingartia, being subsumed within Rebutia. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there was a broad consensus, as reflected in Kew's list of Vascular Plant Families and Genera, that the following genera should be regarded as synonyms of Rebutia:[5]
(The generic names Bridgesia, Spegazzinia, Echinorebutia, Eurebutia, Mediorebutia, Neogymnantha and Setirebutia are invalid, the first two because they are homonyms of BridgesiaBert. ex Cambess. and SpegazziniaBackeb. respectively,[8] the remainder for lack of any valid publication. Some of these are nevertheless valid names for subdivisions of the genus.[citation needed])
The history of the taxonomic treatment of the genera Rebutia, Aylostera, Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia is summarized below.[9]
The variation in the treatment of the genus is illustrated by the difference between Mosti et al., who in 2011 treated Aylostera and Weingartia (including Cintia and Sulcorebutia) as distinct from Rebutia,[9] and Plants of the World Online, which as of October2023[update] continued to separate Aylostera, but merged Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia into Rebutia.[1]
Species
The number of species is similarly debatable, because of disagreement both over what constitutes the genus and what constitutes a species. A very large number of plants that have circulated as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of others.[10] E. F. Anderson recognised forty-one species in 2001.[11] The following species are accepted by Plants of the World Onlineas of October2023[update]:[1]
Recent research has indicated that the genus Rebutia as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sulcorebutia and Weingartia were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below.[12]
Rebutia I (R. pseudodeminuta, R. fiebrigii, R. deminuta, R. pygmaea, R. steinmannii and R. einsteinii)
Species formerly classified as Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia show a close relationship to each other and to species of Rebutia with naked pericarpels (Rebutia II), including the type species R. minuscula. The larger group of species of Rebutia studied, those with hairy or bristly pericarpels, form a separate, more distantly related clade (Rebutia I). It is suggested that these be excluded from the genus.[12]
Gallery
Rebutia minuscula – first discovered Rebutia
Rebutia minuscula f. grandiflora – form with largest flower
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. Rebutia kariusiana)
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R.krainziana)
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. Rebutia marsoneri)
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R.senilis) – form with orange red flowers
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R.senilis) – form with rose flower
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R.chrysacantha) – form with yellow flower
Rebutia minuscula var. minuscula (syn. R.violaciflora) – form with violet flower
↑ Cf. the list of approximately two hundred names under Rebutia (not to mention those given under other genera) provided in B. Fearn and L. Pearcy, The Genus Rebutia, 1895-1981, Matlock: Abbey Brook, 1981, pp.60-71.
↑ Edward F. Anderson, The Cactus Family, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 2001, pp.599-611.
1 2 Ritz, Christiane M.; Martins, Ludwig; Mecklenburg, Rainer; Goremykin, Vadim & Hellwig, Frank H. (2007), "The molecular phylogeny of Rebutia (Cactaceae) and its allies demonstrates the influence of paleogeography on the evolution of South American mountain cacti", American Journal of Botany, 94 (8): 1321–1332, doi:10.3732/ajb.94.8.1321, PMID21636499 . Summary cladogram based on Fig. 2.
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Aylostera, is a genus of cactus, native to central Bolivia and north western Argentina.
Bridgesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae. The sole species, Bridgesia incisifolia, is a shrub native to South America in Chile.
Reicheocactus, is a monotypic genus of cactus in the family Cactaceae, native to north western Argentina. It has only one known species; Reicheocactus famatimensis(Speg.) Schlumpb.
Weingartia is a genus in the family Cactaceae, with species native to Bolivia and Argentina. Molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that it may be distinct from Rebutia. It is treated as a synonym of that genus by Plants of the World Online as of September 2023, but recognized as an alternative generic name in the third edition of the CITES Cactaceae Checklist. It may also be treated as Rebutia subg. Weingartia.
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Rebutia minuscula is a species of cactus from South America found in northern Argentina and Bolivia. It is the type species of the genus Rebutia. As its synonym Rebutia senilis it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Its cultivars 'Krainziana', 'Marsoneri' and 'Violaciflora' are also listed as having gained the Award of Garden Merit.
Aylostera albopectinata is a species of Aylostera from Bolivia.
Acanthocalycium thionanthum is a species of Acanthocalycium from Argentina.
Aylostera pulvinosa, synonym Rebutia pulvinosa, is a species of cactus in the genus Aylostera, native to Bolivia. Aylostera albiflora has been treated as Aylostera pulvinosa subsp. albiflora.
Aylostera pygmaea, synonyms including Rebutia pygmaea, is a species of cactus in the genus Aylostera, native to Bolivia and northwest Argentina. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Aylostera leucanthema is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia. It was first described in 1975 as Rebutia leucanthema.
Neoraimondia arequipensis, synonym Neoraimondia macrostibas, is a tree-like cactus native to western Peru. It was first described in 1835 as Cereus arequipensis.
Aylostera albiflora, synonym Rebutia albiflora, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia. It was first described by Curt Backeberg in 1963 as Rebutia albiflora.
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