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Thailand does not recognize same-sex marriages, civil unions, domestic partnerships, unregistered cohabitations, or any other form of same-sex unions. [1] [2] Several bills for civil partnerships and same-sex marriage have been introduced and approved by the Thai cabinet since 2012 but failed to pass parliament.
New same-sex marriage legislation supported by the government and major opposition parties was introduced in November 2023, and passed by the House of Representatives by 400 to 10 on 27 March 2024. It now requires Senate approval and Royal Assent. [3] [4] [5] [6] The amendment to the Civil and Commercial Code replaces the terms "men and women" and "husband and wife" with the words "individuals" and "spouses". The draft law also allows same-sex couples to jointly adopt children. [7] Thailand would become the first Southeast Asian country and second Asian country to legalise same-sex marriage after Taiwan. [8] [9] [10]
In December 2012, the Government formed a committee to draft legislation providing legal recognition for same-sex couples in the form of civil partnerships. [11] On 8 February 2013, the Rights and Liberties Protection Department and the Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs, Justice, and Human Rights held a first public hearing on the civil partnership bill, drafted by the committee's chairman, Police General Viroon Phuensaen. [12]
By 2014, the civil partnership bill had bipartisan support, but was stalled due to political unrest in the country. [13] In the second half of 2014, reports emerged that a draft bill called the "Civil Partnership Act" would be submitted to the junta-appointed Thai Parliament. It would give couples some of the rights of heterosexual marriage, but was criticized for increasing the minimum age from 17 to 20 and omitting adoption rights. [14]
In 2017, Thai government officials responded favourably to a petition signed by 60,000 people calling for civil partnerships for same-sex couples. Pitikan Sithidej, director-general of the Rights and Liberties Protection Department at the Justice Ministry, confirmed she had received the petition and would do all she could to get it passed as soon as possible. [15] The Justice Ministry convened on 4 May 2018 to begin discussions on a draft civil partnership bill, titled the "Same Sex Life Partnership Registration Bill". Under the proposal, same-sex couples would be able to register themselves as "life partners" and will be granted some of the rights of marriage. [16] [17] [18] The bill was discussed in public hearings between 12 and 16 November, where a reported 98% expressed support for the measure. [19] [20] On 25 December 2018, the Cabinet approved the bill. [21] [22] [23]
On 8 July 2020, the Cabinet approved a new draft of the bill and was introduced in the National Assembly. [24] [25] However, it did not pass before the end of the year.
On 14 February 2023, Bangkok's Dusit district became the first jurisdiction in Thailand to issue partnership certificates, which are legally non-binding, to same-sex couples. [26]
In September 2011, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the Sexual Diversity Network, an NGO, proposed draft legislation on same-sex marriage and sought the Thai Government's support for the law. [27] [28]
In September 2013, the Bangkok Post reported that an attempt in 2011 by Natee Teerarojjanapong, president of the Gay Political Group of Thailand, to register a marriage certificate with his male partner had been rejected. [29]
In June 2020, Move Forward Party deputy Tunyawat Kamolwongwat introduced a bill to legalize same-sex marriage. [30] The public consultation on the bill was launched on 2 July. [31] [32]
In 2022, a group of bills concerning same-sex unions passed their first readings in the Thai parliament. These include the Marriage Equality Bill proposed by the opposition Move Forward Party, which would amend the current marriage law to include couples of any gender, and the government-proposed Civil Partnership Bill, which would instead introduce civil partnerships as a separate category, granting some but not all rights given to married couples. [33] [34] [35] Despite several amendments, neither bill passed the Parliament before it dissolved for the 2023 Thai general election.
In November 2023 Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin of the Pheu Thai Party announced that his Cabinet had approved a draft same-sex marriage law, [36] which Parliament began to debate on 21 December 2023. [37] Besides the government's version of the draft bill, three additional versions by the Move Forward Party, the Democrat Party and the civil sector were considered. [38] [39] All four bills passed overwhelmingly at 369 to 10, [40] with the House of Representatives approving the formation of an ad-hoc committee to combine the four drafts into one over 15 days pending further debate expected in 2024. [41]
On 27 March 2024, Thailand's House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed the draft law by 400 to 10 on its third reading, with two abstentions and three not voting. [4] It must now be passed by the Senate and receive royal assent. [42] [43] [44] [45] .
On 2 April 2024, Thailand's Senate approved the first reading of the draft law by 147 to 4. The draft law must be passed by two more Senate votes. [46] [47]
"Marriage is when a man and a woman are willing to live together, to build a husband and wife relationship to reproduce their offspring, under the morals, traditions, religion and the laws of each society. Marriage is, therefore, reserved for only a man and a woman."
-A Constitutional Court judge, 2021
In 2021, the Constitutional Court ruled that Section 1448 of the Civil and Commercial Code interpreting marriages as only between women and men is constitutional, but after the release of full ruling, one phrase stated that gay couples "cannot reproduce, as it is against nature, and that people of those communities are no different to other animals with strange behaviours or physical features." The verdict cites LGBT people as a different "species" that needs to be separated and studied as it is incapable of creating the "delicate bond" of human relationships. [48] The text was criticised by LGBT activists as sexist and demeaning. [49]
Thai opinion polls have consistently favoured legal recognition of same-sex marriages. [50] [51] [52]
According to a 2019 YouGov poll of 1,025 respondents, 63% of Thais supported the legalisation of same-sex romantic partnerships, with 11% against and 27% preferring not to answer. 69% of people aged 18 to 34 supported civil partnerships, with 10% opposed. Legalisation was supported by 56% of those aged between 35 and 54 (33% opposed), and 55% of those aged 55 and over (13% opposed). 66% of those with university degrees were in favour (10% opposed), and 57% of those without university degrees (12% opposed). 68% of those with a high income supported civil partnerships (7% opposed), and 55% of those with a low income (13% opposed). 68% of women responded in favour (7% opposed), and 57% of men (14% opposed). [53]
According to a 2022 poll by the National Institute of Development Administration (N.I.D.A.), 93% of Thais accepted LGBT friends or colleagues, 91% would accept an LGBT person as a family member, and 80% supported same-sex marriage. [54]
According to Thailand's Deputy Prime Minister Somsak Thepsuthin, a government survey conducted between October 31 and November 14 in 2023 showed that 96.6% of Thai public supported the same-sex marriage bill. [55] [56]
A civil union is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples. Civil unions grant some or all of the rights of marriage.
Same-sex adoption is the adoption of children by same-sex couples. It may take the form of a joint adoption by the couple, or of the adoption by one partner of the other's biological child.
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Denmark since 15 June 2012. A bill for the legalization of same-sex marriages was introduced by the Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet, and approved by the Folketing on 7 June 2012. It received royal assent by Queen Margrethe II on 12 June and took effect three days later. Denmark was the eleventh country in the world and the eighth in Europe to legalize same-sex marriage. It was the first country in the world to enact registered partnerships, which provided same-sex couples with almost all of the rights and benefits of marriage, in 1989.
The Czech Republic has offered registered partnerships for same-sex couples since 1 July 2006. Registered partnerships grant several of the rights of marriage, including inheritance, the right to declare a same-sex partner as next of kin, hospital visitation rights, jail and prison visitation rights, spousal privilege, and alimony rights, but do not allow joint adoption, widow's pension, or joint property rights. The registered partnership law was passed in March 2006 and went into effect on 1 July 2006. The country also grants unregistered cohabitation status to "persons living in a common household" that gives couples inheritance and succession rights in housing.
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Greece since 16 February 2024. In July 2023, the re-elected government headed by the New Democracy party announced its intention to legalize same-sex marriage. Legislation was introduced to the Hellenic Parliament on 1 February 2024 and passed on 15 February by 175 votes to 77. The bill was signed into law by President Katerina Sakellaropoulou and took effect upon publication in the Government Gazette on 16 February. Greece was the 16th member state of the European Union, the 21st country in Europe and the 36th in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry.
This article contains a timeline of significant events regarding same-sex marriage and legal recognition of same-sex couples worldwide. It begins with the history of same-sex unions during ancient times, which consisted of unions ranging from informal and temporary relationships to highly ritualized unions, and continues to modern-day state-recognized same-sex marriage. Events concerning same-sex marriages becoming legal in a country or in a country's state are listed in bold.
Lithuania does not recognise same-sex marriages or civil unions. A bill to grant same-sex couples some limited legal rights and benefits is pending in the Seimas.
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Estonia since 1 January 2024. The government elected in the March 2023 election, led by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas and consisting of the Reform Party, the Social Democrats and Estonia 200, vowed to legalize same-sex marriage. Legislation to open marriage to same-sex couples was introduced to the Riigikogu in May 2023, and was approved in a final reading by 55 votes to 34 on 20 June. It was signed into law by President Alar Karis on 27 June, and took effect on 1 January 2024. Estonia was the first Baltic state, the twentieth country in Europe, and the 35th in the world to legalise same-sex marriage.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Thailand have several but not all of the same rights as non-LGBT people. Both male and female types of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Thailand, and same-sex marriage rights within the nation are pending legalisation. About eight percent of the Thai population, five million people, are thought to be in the LGBT demographic.
The legal status of same-sex marriage has changed in recent years in numerous jurisdictions around the world. The current trends and consensus of political authorities and religions throughout the world are summarized in this article.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. 21 of the 36 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further 11 European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of more limited recognition for same-sex couples.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Scotland are generally in line with the rest of the United Kingdom, which have evolved extensively over time and are now regarded as some of the most progressive in Europe. In both 2015 and 2016, Scotland was recognised as the "best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality".
Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.
Albania does not recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions. A bill to legalize same-sex marriage had been introduced to Parliament in 2009 with the support of Prime Minister Sali Berisha, but was never voted on.
Ukraine does not recognize same-sex marriage or civil unions. The Constitution of Ukraine defines marriage as between "a woman and a man". The issue of legal recognition for same-sex couples has become particularly acute after the start of Ukraine's accession to the European Union in 2022 and the Russian large-scale invasion of Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the British Crown dependency of Jersey have evolved significantly since the early 1990s. Same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised in 1990. Since then, LGBT people have been given many more rights equal to that of heterosexuals, such as an equal age of consent (2006), the right to change legal gender for transgender people (2010), the right to enter into civil partnerships (2012), the right to adopt children (2012) and very broad anti-discrimination and legal protections on the basis of "sexual orientation, gender reassignment and intersex status" (2015). Jersey is the only British territory that explicitly includes "intersex status" within anti-discrimination laws. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Jersey since 1 July 2018.
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2015.
Debate has occurred throughout Asia over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as civil unions.
The recognition of same-sex unions varies by country.
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights taking place in the year 2023.