Bishkek, formerly known as Frunze, and before that Pishpek, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chüy Region. Bishkek is situated near the border with Kazakhstan and has a population of 1,074,075, as of 2021.
Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of 3,000 m (9,843 ft) altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mud slides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions. Additional problems are because many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. The horse is still a much used transport option, especially in rural and inaccessible areas, as it does not depend on imported fuel.
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in eastern Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's over 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.
Osh is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country. It is often referred to as the "capital of the south". It is the oldest city in the country and has served as the administrative center of Osh Region since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of 322,164 in 2021, comprising Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Koreans, and other smaller ethnic groups.
The Chu is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan. Of its total length of 1,067 kilometres (663 mi), the first 115 kilometres are in Kyrgyzstan, then for 221 kilometres the river serves as the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and the last 731 kilometres are in Kazakhstan. It is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and in Kazakhstan. It has a drainage basin of 62,500 square kilometres (24,100 sq mi).
Chüy Region is the northernmost region of Kyrgyzstan, surrounding the country's national capital of Bishkek. It is bounded on the north by Kazakhstan, and clockwise, Issyk-Kul Region, Naryn Region, Jalal-Abad Region, and Talas Region. Its administrative center is Bishkek. Its total area is 19,895 km2 (7,682 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 974,984 as of January 2021. The region has sizeable Russian and Dungan minorities. It takes its name from the river Chüy, that flows through the region.
Jalal-Abad Region is a region (oblus) of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is the city of the same name, Jalal-Abad. It is surrounded by Talas Region, Chüy Region, Naryn Region, Osh Region, and Uzbekistan. Jalal-Abad Region was established on 21 November 1939. On 27 January 1959 it became a part of Osh Region, but regained its old status as a region on 14 December 1990. Its total area is 32,418 km2 (12,517 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,260,617 as of January 2021. The region has a sizeable Uzbek minority.
Osh Region is a region of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Osh, which is not part of the region. It is bounded (clockwise) by Jalal-Abad Region, Naryn Region, China (Xinjiang), Tajikistan, Batken Region, and Uzbekistan. Its total area is 28,934 km2 (11,171 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,391,649 as of January 2021. The region has a sizeable Uzbek minority.
Tokmok is a city in the Chüy Valley, northern Kyrgyzstan, east of the country's capital of Bishkek, with a population of 71,443 in 2021. Its elevation is 816 m above sea level. From 2003 to 2006, it was the administrative seat of Chüy Region. Just to the north is the river Chu and the border with Kazakhstan.
Kyrgyzstan has three levels of local government. The top level is formed by the regions and the cities of republican significance. The regions are divided into districts and cities of regional significance. The districts are divided into cities of district significance, urban-type settlements and village communities.
The Kyrgyz Premier League or OLIMPBET Premier League for sponsorship purposes is the top division of professional football in Kyrgyzstan. It was created in 1992 after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union. The league is composed of eight teams. The most successful team is Dordoi Bishkek who have won the league thirteen times.
Kemin is a city in northeastern Kyrgyzstan, the administrative headquarters of Kemin District in Chüy Region. Its population was 10,354 in 2021. It is located about 95 km eastward of Bishkek on the left bank of the river Chüy in the Chüy Valley. Kemin was established in 1912. Kemin received city right in 2012.
Kara-Balta is a city and municipality on the Kara-Balta River, in Chüy Region, in northern Kyrgyzstan, the capital of Jayyl District. Its population was 48,278 in 2021.
The regions of Kyrgyzstan are divided into districts (raions), administered by government-appointed officials. Rural communities consisting of up to twenty small settlements have their own elected mayors and councils. The raions are listed below, by region:
Sosnovka is a village in the Jayyl District of Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 5,972 in 2021. It is the center and the only village in Sosnovka rural community. Bishkek - Osh road passes through Sosnovka.
Poltavka is a village in the Jayyl District of Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan established by migrants from Poltavshchyna of Ukraine in 1908. Its population was 4,700 in 2021. It is the center of Poltavka rural community. Bishkek - Osh road passes through the settlement. Population is mostly Kyrgyz, Russian, and Ukrainian.
Böksö-Jol is a village in the Jayyl District of Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 1,183 in 2021. It is the seat of Taldy-Bulak rural community. Bishkek - Osh road passes through the settlement.
Ahmadiyya is an Islamic community in Kyrgyzstan, whose teachings were first brought into the country by foreign Pakistani missionaries in the early 1990s. Although the Community was first registered in the country in 2002, its registration was struck off with the country's State Commission on Religious Affairs refusing to re-register it in 2011. Today, the Community which faces religious persecution, represents up to 1000 members spread across the capital Bishkek and three other regions of the country.
Aleksandrovka is a village in Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Moskva District. The village was established in 1882. Its population was 14,577 in 2021. The village is located at Bishkek - Osh Road in Chüy Valley.
Bishkek City [lower-alpha 1] 
Batken Region 
Chüy Region 
Jalal-Abad Region 
Naryn Region 
Osh Region 
Talas Region 
Issyk-Kul Region 
