Wade–Giles is a romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade,during the mid-19th century,and was given completed form with Herbert A. Giles's Chinese–English Dictionary of 1892.
A breve is the diacritic mark ˘,shaped like the bottom half of a circle. As used in Ancient Greek,it is also called brachy,βραχύ. It resembles the caron but is rounded,in contrast to the angular tip of the caron. In many forms of Latin,˘ is used for a shorter,softer variant of a vowel,such as "Ĭ",where the sound is nearly identical to the English /i/.
Romanization or romanisation,in linguistics,is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script,or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration,for representing written text,and transcription,for representing the spoken word,and combinations of both. Transcription methods can be subdivided into phonemic transcription,which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech,and more strict phonetic transcription,which records speech sounds with precision.
McCune–Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems. A modified version of McCune–Reischauer was the official romanization system in South Korea until 2002,when it was replaced by the Revised Romanization of Korean system introduced two years earlier. A variant of McCune–Reischauer is still used as the official system in North Korea.
Romanization of Korean refers to systems for representing the Korean language in the Latin script. Korea's alphabetic script,called Hangul,has historically been used in conjunction with Hanja,though such practice has become infrequent.
A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme,or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.
Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. As Chinese is written with logographic characters,not alphabetic or syllabary,the methods employed in Historical Chinese phonology differ considerably from those employed in,for example,Indo-European linguistics;reconstruction is more difficult because,unlike Indo-European languages,no phonetic spellings were used.
The writing system of the Korean language is a syllabic alphabet of character parts organized into character blocks representing syllables. The character parts cannot be written from left to right on the computer,as in many Western languages. Every possible syllable in Korean would have to be rendered as syllable blocks by a font,or each character part would have to be encoded separately. Unicode has both options;the character parts ㅎ(h) and ㅏ(a),and the combined syllable 하(ha),are encoded.
Gari Keith Ledyard was Sejong Professor of Korean History Emeritus at Columbia University. He is best known for his work on the history of the Hangul alphabet.
The sokuon is a Japanese symbol in the form of a small hiragana or katakana tsu. In less formal language it is called chiisai tsu (小さいつ) or chiisana tsu (小さなつ),meaning "small tsu". It serves multiple purposes in Japanese writing.
SKATS stands for Standard Korean Alphabet Transliteration System. It is also known as Korean Morse equivalents. Despite the name,SKATS is not a true transliteration system. SKATS maps the Hangul characters through Korean Morse code to the same codes in Morse code and back to their equivalents in the Latin script. Any phonetic correspondence between the Korean and Roman letters would be purely coincidental.
The orthography of the Greek language ultimately has its roots in the adoption of the Greek alphabet in the 9th century BC. Some time prior to that,one early form of Greek,Mycenaean,was written in Linear B,although there was a lapse of several centuries between the time Mycenaean stopped being written and the time when the Greek alphabet came into use.
The Korean language has diverged between North and South Korea due to the length of time that the two states have been separated. Underlying dialectical differences have been extended—in part by government policies,and in part by the isolation of North Korea from the outside world. There are some differences in orthography and pronunciation,and substantial differences in newer vocabulary;whereas the South tends to use loanwords from English,the North tends to use loanwords from Russian or construct compound words.
This article is a technical description of the phonetics and phonology of Korean. Unless otherwise noted,statements in this article refer to South Korean standard language based on the Seoul dialect.
The Korean alphabet is the native script of Korea,created in the mid fifteenth century by King Sejong,as both a complement and an alternative to the logographic Sino-Korean Hanja. Initially denounced by the educated class as eonmun,it only became the primary Korean script following independence from Japan in the mid-20th century.
The Pyeongan dialect,alternatively Northwestern Korean,is the Korean dialect of the Northwestern Korean peninsula and neighboring parts of China. It has influenced the standard Korean of North Korea,but is not the primary influence of North Korea's standard Korean.
The Yale romanization of Korean was developed by Samuel Elmo Martin and his colleagues at Yale University about half a decade after McCune–Reischauer. It is the standard romanization of the Korean language in linguistics.
The Korean alphabet,known as Hangul in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea,is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them,and they are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features;similarly,the vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds,making Hangul a featural writing system. It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems,although it is not necessarily an abugida.
Foreign words when used in Korean undergoes transcription,to make them pronounceable and memorable. Transcription into Korean,for the most part,is very similar to or even influenced by transcription into Japanese,although the number of homophones resulted by imperfect mapping of foreign sounds onto native sounds is significantly smaller,as Korean has a larger phoneme inventory and a more inclusive phonotactics.
Romanization of Korean is the official Korean-language romanization system in North Korea. Announced by the Sahoe Kwahagwŏn,it is an adaptation of the older McCune–Reischauer system,which it replaced in 1992,and it was updated in 2002 and 2012.
