Posner is the author of nearly 40 books on jurisprudence,economics,and several other topics,including Economic Analysis of Law,The Economics of Justice,The Problems of Jurisprudence,Sex and Reason,Law,Pragmatism and Democracy,and The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy. Posner has generally been identified as being politically conservative;in recent years,however,he has distanced himself from the positions of the Republican Party,[8] authoring more liberal rulings involving same-sex marriage and abortion.[9][10] In A Failure of Capitalism,he has written that the 2008 financial crisis has caused him to question the rational-choice,laissez-faire economic model that lies at the heart of his law and economics theory.
On October 27,1981,Posner was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge Philip Willis Tone.[16] Posner was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 24,1981,and received his commission on December 1,1981. He served as Chief Judge of that court from 1993 to 2000 but remained a part-time professor at the University of Chicago.[16] Judge Posner retired from the federal bench on September 2,2017. Posner stated that he had originally planned to retire at the age of 80,but instead retired at 78 due to disputes with other judges on the Seventh Circuit over treatment of pro se litigants.[17]
His analysis of the Lewinsky scandal cut across most party and ideological divisions.[citation needed] Posner's greatest influence is through his writings on law and economics;The New York Times called him "one of the most important antitrust scholars of the past half-century." In December 2004,Posner started a joint blog with Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker,titled simply "The Becker-Posner Blog".[21] Both men contributed to the blog until shortly before Becker's death in May 2014,after which Posner announced that the blog was being discontinued.[22] He also had a blog at The Atlantic,where he discussed the then-current Great Recession.[23]
Posner was mentioned in 2005 as a potential nominee to replace Sandra Day O'Connor because of his prominence as a scholar and an appellate judge. Robert S. Boynton wrote in The Washington Post that he believed Posner would never sit on the Supreme Court because despite his "obvious brilliance," he would be criticized for his occasionally "outrageous conclusions," such as his contention "that the rule of law is an accidental and dispensable element of legal ideology," his argument that buying and selling children on the free market would lead to better outcomes than the present situation,government-regulated adoption,and his support for the legalization of marijuana and LSD.[24]
Posner on Posner Series
Judge Posner was the focus of a "series" of posts (many Q&A interviews with the Judge) done by University of Washington Law Professor Ronald K. L. Collins. The twelve posts—collectively titled "Posner on Posner"—began on November 24,2014,and ended on January 5,2015,and appeared on the Concurring Opinions blog.[25]
In Posner's youth and in the 1960s as law clerk to William J. Brennan,he was generally counted as a liberal. However,in reaction to some of the perceived excesses of the late 1960s,Posner developed a strongly conservative bent. He encountered Chicago School economists Aaron Director and George Stigler while a professor at Stanford.[13] Posner summarized his views on law and economics in his 1973 book The Economic Analysis of Law.[13]
Today,although generally viewed as to the right in academia,Posner's pragmatism,his qualified moral relativism and moral skepticism,[26] and his affection for the thought of Friedrich Nietzsche set him apart from most American conservatives. As a judge,with the exception of his rulings with respect to the sentencing guidelines and the recording of police actions,Posner's judicial votes have always placed him on the moderate-to-liberal wing of the Republican Party,where he has become more isolated over time. In July 2012,Posner stated,"I've become less conservative since the Republican Party started becoming goofy."[27] Among Posner's judicial influences are the American jurists Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and Learned Hand;he has written that "Holmes is the greatest jurist ... because the sum of his ideas,metaphors,decisions,dissents and other contributions exceeds the sum of contributions of any other jurist of modern times",[28] and he has applied the Hand formula in a number of his opinions.[29]
In June 2016,Posner was criticized by right-wing media organizations for a column he wrote for Slate in which he stated,"I see absolutely no value to a judge of spending decades,years,months,weeks,day,hours,minutes,or seconds studying the Constitution,the history of its enactment,its amendments,and its implementation."[30][31]
He has called his approach to judging pragmatic. "I pay very little attention to legal rules,statutes,constitutional provisions. ... A case is just a dispute. The first thing you do is ask yourself—forget about the law—what is a sensible resolution of this dispute? The next thing ... is to see if a recent Supreme Court precedent or some other legal obstacle stood in the way of ruling in favor of that sensible resolution. And the answer is that's actually rarely the case. When you have a Supreme Court case or something similar,they're often extremely easy to get around."[32]
Abortion
Posner has written several opinions sympathetic to abortion rights,including a decision that held that late term abortion was constitutionally protected in some circumstances.[33]
In November 2015,Posner authored a decision in Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin v. Schimel striking down regulations on abortion clinics in Wisconsin. He rejected the state's argument that the laws were written to protect the health of women and not to make abortion more difficult to obtain. Accusing the state of indirectly trying to ban abortions in the state Posner wrote,"They [Wisconsin] may do this in the name of protecting the health of women who have abortions,yet as in this case the specific measures they support may do little or nothing for health,but rather strew impediments to abortion."[34]
Animal rights
Posner rejects an ethic of strong animal rights on pragmatic grounds (where such an ethic posits the moral irrelevance of species membership).[35][non-primary source needed] He recognizes the philosophical force of arguments for strong animal rights,but maintains that human intuition about the paramount value of human life makes it impossible to accommodate an ethic of strong animal rights. Posner,a self-avowed moral anti-realist,[36] does not present his critique of strong animal rights as a deductive proof. Instead,he highlights the practical importance of intuition and emotion over abstract argument.
In a 2000 Yale Law Journal book review on the title "Rattling the Cage" by Steven M. Wise,Posner again criticized the legal notion of animal rights. In the review,Posner argues that Wise's approach,using the cognitive ability of animals compared to that of very young normal human beings as a basis for rights-worthiness,is arbitrary and in contrast with major traditional and contemporary philosophies (including the theology of Thomas Aquinas for one and utilitarianism for another). In addition,he points out that this basis for rights has problematic implications—including that it might soon make some computers more worthy of rights than some humans,a conclusion he calls absurd. Posner goes on to reason that granting human-like rights to animals is fraught with implications which could radically disrupt or devalue the rights of human beings. He alludes to Hitler's zoophilia as evidence that respect for animals and humaneness toward human beings are not necessarily associated. Arguing that the analogy of animal rights to the civil rights movement lacks imagination and is not very apt,Posner posits that animal welfare might be better protected by other legal models,one example of which would be stronger laws making animals property,since,he asserts,people tend to protect what they own.[37]
Posner engaged in a debate with the philosopher Peter Singer in 2001 at Slate magazine. He agrees that "gratuitous cruelty to and neglect of animals is wrong and that some costs should be incurred to reduce the suffering of animals raised for food or other human purposes or subjected to medical or other testing and experimentation," but rejects grounding this view in an ethic of strong animal rights,contending that such a premise entails conclusions inconsistent with the reality of human society and psychology. He further states that people whose opinions were changed by consideration of the philosophical arguments presented in Singer's book Animal Liberation failed to see the "radicalism of the ethical vision that powers [their] view on animals,an ethical vision that finds greater value in a healthy pig than in a profoundly retarded child,that commands inflicting a lesser pain on a human being to avert a greater pain to a dog,and that,provided only that a chimpanzee has 1 percent of the mental ability of a normal human being,would require the sacrifice of the human being to save 101 chimpanzees."[38]
Posner emphasizes the importance of facts over arguments in creating social change. He states that his moral intuition says that "it is wrong to give as much weight to a dog's pain as to an infant's pain," and that "[this] is a moral intuition deeper than any reason that could be given for it and impervious to any reason that you or anyone could give against it." Instead,Posner claims that "[expanding and invigorating] the laws that protect animals will require not philosophical arguments for reducing human beings to the level of the other animals but facts,facts that will stimulate a greater empathetic response to animal suffering and facts that will alleviate concern about the human costs of further measures to reduce animal suffering."[38]
Antitrust
Along with Robert Bork,Posner helped shape the antitrust policy changes of the 1970s through his idea that 1960s antitrust laws were in fact making prices higher for the consumer rather than lower,while he viewed lower prices as the essential end goal of any antitrust policy.[13] Posner's and Bork's theories on antitrust evolved into the prevailing view in academia and at the Justice Department in the George H. W. Bush Administration;they have remained the consensus view in both the Justice Department and among legal academics of antitrust.[13]
The Bluebook
The Bluebook is the style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. Posner is "one of the founding fathers of Bluebook abolitionism,having advocated it for almost twenty-five years,ever since his 1986 University of Chicago Law Review article[39] on the subject."[40] In a 2011 Yale Law Journal article,he wrote:
The Bluebook:A Uniform System of Citation exemplifies hypertrophy in the anthropological sense. It is a monstrous growth,remote from the functional need for legal citation forms,that serves obscure needs of the legal culture and its student subculture.[41]
He describes those needs as unrelated to practical legal activity but instead as social and political.
In the same article,Posner gives an excerpt of the entire citation style guide included (as an appendix) in the short manual he gives his own law clerks (whom he describes as "very smart");the appendix is about 2–3 pages long,and he says the entire manual is about 1% as long as the Bluebook.
Drugs
Posner opposes the U.S. "War on Drugs" and called it "quixotic". In a 2003 CNBC interview he discussed the difficulty of enforcing criminal marijuana laws,and asserted that it is hard to justify the criminalization of marijuana when compared to other substances. In a talk at Elmhurst College in 2012,Posner said that "I don't think that we should have a fraction of the drug laws that we have. I think it's really absurd to be criminalizing possession or use or distribution of marijuana."[42]
National security
At the Cybercrime 2020:The Future of Online Crime and Investigations conference held at Georgetown University Law Center on November 20,2014,Posner,in addition to further reinforcing his views on privacy being over-rated,stated that "If the NSA wants to vacuum all the trillions of bits of information that are crawling through the electronic worldwide networks,I think that's fine. ... Much of what passes for the name of privacy is really just trying to conceal the disreputable parts of your conduct," Posner added. "Privacy is mainly about trying to improve your social and business opportunities by concealing the sorts of bad activities that would cause other people not to want to deal with you." Posner also criticized mobile OS companies for enabling end-to-end encryption in their newest software. "I'm shocked at the thought that a company would be permitted to manufacture an electronic product that the government would not be able to search" he said.[43]
Patent and copyright law
Posner has expressed concerns,on the blog he contributed to with Gary Becker,that both patent and copyright protection,though particularly the former,may be excessive. He argues that the cost of inventing must be compared to the cost of copying in order to determine the optimal patent protection for an inventor. When patent protection is too strongly in favor of the inventor,market efficiency is decreased. He illustrates his argument by comparing the pharmaceutical industry (where the cost on invention is high) with the software industry (where the cost of invention is relatively low).[44] However,Posner suggested that strengthening copyright law,including a possible bar on linking to or paraphrasing copyrighted materials,may be necessary as a means to prevent what he views as free riding on newspaper journalism.[45][46][47] His co-blogger Gary Becker simultaneously posted a contrasting opinion that while the Internet might hurt newspapers,it will not harm the vitality of the press,but rather embolden it.[48]
Police recording
As part of a three-judge panel on the 7th Circuit in Chicago,weighing a challenge to the Illinois Eavesdropping Act,which bars the secret recording of conversations without the consent of all the parties to the conversation,Posner was to deliver another memorable quote. At issue was the constitutionality of the Illinois wiretapping law,which makes it illegal to record someone without consent even when filming public acts like arrests in public. Posner interrupted the ACLU after just 14 words,stating,"Yeah,I know. But I'm not interested,really,in what you want to do with these recordings of peoples' encounters with the police. ..." Posner continued:"Once all this stuff can be recorded,there's going to be a lot more of this snooping around by reporters and bloggers. ... I'm always suspicious when the civil liberties people start telling the police how to do their business."[49] The 7th Circuit upheld the challenge,2–1,striking down the Eavesdropping Act,but Posner wrote a dissenting opinion.
Prisoners
In a dissent from an earlier ruling by his protégéFrank Easterbrook,Posner wrote that Easterbrook's decision that female guards could watch male prisoners while in the shower or bathroom must stem from a belief that prisoners are "members of a different species,indeed as a type of vermin,devoid of human dignity and entitled to no respect. ... I do not myself consider the 1.5 million inmates of American prisons and jails in that light."[13][50]
Race and public education
Posner's views of public education policy are informed by his view that groups of students differ in intellectual ability,and therefore,that it is faulty to impose uniform educational standards on all schools. His view in this regard is undergirded by his view that different races differ in intelligence. (However,Posner says that he thinks it is "highly unlikely" that these differences are rooted in genetics,rather than environment.)
In a blog post,Posner wrote,"I suggest that the only worthwhile reforms of teacher compensation are raising teacher wages uniformly,providing recognition and modest bonuses for outstanding teachers,and increasing hiring standards."[51] In the same post,he wrote,"I am not clear what we should think the problem of American education (below the college level) is. Most children of middle-class ... Americans are white or Asian and attend good public or private schools,usually predominantly white. The average white IQ is of course 100 and the Asian (like the Jewish) almost one standard deviation higher,that is,115. The average black IQ is 85,a full standard deviation below the white average,and the average Hispanic IQ has been estimated recently at 89. Black children in particular often come from disordered households,which has a negative effect on ability to learn and perhaps indeed on IQ. ... Increasingly,black and Hispanic students find themselves in schools with few white or Asian students. The challenge to American education is to provide a useful education to the large number of Americans who are unlikely to benefit from a college education or from high school courses aimed at preparing students for college."
Same-sex marriage
In September 2014,Posner authored the opinions in the consolidated cases of Wolf v. Walker and Baskin v. Bogan challenging Wisconsin and Indiana's state level same-sex marriage bans. The opinion of the three-judge panel on the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Indiana and Wisconsin's bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional,affirming a lower court ruling.[10] During oral arguments,Wisconsin's attorney general cited tradition as a reason for maintaining the ban,prompting Posner to note that:"It was tradition to not allow blacks and whites to marry—a tradition that got swept away." Though Posner argued in his 1992 book Sex and Reason that prohibitions against gay marriage were rationally justified,he held in the 2014 cases that the same-sex marriage bans were both "a tradition of hate" and "savage discrimination".[52] Posner wrote the opinion for the unanimous panel,finding the laws unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. The Supreme Court then denied writ of certiorari and left Posner's ruling to stand.
Torture
When reviewing Alan Dershowitz's book,Why Terrorism Works:Understanding the Threat,Responding to the Challenge,Posner wrote in the September 2002 The New Republic,"If torture is the only means of obtaining the information necessary to prevent the detonation of a nuclear bomb in Times Square,torture should be used–and will be used–to obtain the information.... No one who doubts that this is the case should be in a position of responsibility."[53]
Judicial career
Posner is one of the most prolific legal writers,through both the number and topical breadth of his opinions,to say nothing of his scholarly and popular writings.[54] Unlike many other judges,he writes all his own opinions.[13]Nobel Laureate economist Robert Solow says that Posner "is an apparently inexhaustible writer on ... nearly everything. To call him a polymath would be a gross understatement. ... Judge Posner evidently writes the way other men breathe",though the economist describes the judge's grasp of economics as,"in some respects,... precarious."[55]
A study published by Fred Shapiro in the University of Chicago's The Journal of Legal Studies found Posner is the most-cited legal scholar of all time by a considerable margin,as Posner's work has generated 7,981 cites compared to the runner-up Ronald Dworkin's 4,488 cites.[2] Aside from the sheer volume of his output,Posner's opinions enjoy great respect from other judges,based on citations,and within the legal academy,where his opinions are taught in many foundational law courses.
Notable cases
In his decision in the 1997 case State Oil Co. v. Khan,Posner wrote that a ruling 1968 antitrust precedent set by the Supreme Court was "moth-eaten","wobbly",and "unsound".[13] Nevertheless,he abided by the previous decision with his ruling.[13] The Supreme Court granted certiorari and overturned the 1968 ruling unanimously;Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the opinion and spoke positively of both Posner's criticism and his decision to abide by the ruling until the Court decided to change it.[56]
In Morin Building Products Co. v. Baystone Construction,Inc. (1983),Posner held that the Uniform Commercial Code presumes contracts impose an objective standard upon what would subjectively be illusory promises.[63] In 1987,Posner dissented when Judge Frank H. Easterbrook,joined by Richard Dickson Cudahy,found that a stockbroker could sue his former employer under SEC Rule 10b-5 after he quit shortly before the firm's lucrative unannounced merger.[64][65] In 1990,Posner found that Delaware corporate law did not permit an airline's board from adopting a poison pill provision that encouraged its machinists to take strike action if its pilots' takeover attempt succeeded.[66] In 1991,Posner held that good faith performance is a factual question of the defendant's state of mind that must be proven at trial.[67]
Civil rights
In 1984,Posner wrote for the en banc circuit when it held that a consent decree regulating law enforcement Red Squads did not apply to FBI terrorism investigations,over the dissent of Judge Richard Dickson Cudahy. In January 2001,Posner loosened that consent decree to allow the Chicago Police Department to conduct counterterrorism operations.[68]
In United States v. Marshall (1990),Posner dissented when Frank H. Easterbrook,writing for the en banc circuit,held that the punishment for possession of LSD is determined by the weight of the carrier it is found within.[69] The circuit's judgment was then affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.[70]
A 2004 poll by Legal Affairs magazine named Posner as one of the top twenty legal thinkers in the U.S.[74]
In March 2007,the Harvard Law Review dedicated an issue of faculty written case comments in tribute of Judge Posner.[75] In 2008,the University of Chicago Law Review published a commemorative issue:"Commemorating Twenty-five Years of Judge Richard A. Posner."[76] One of Posner's former clerks,Tim Wu,calls Posner "probably America's greatest living jurist."[54] Another of Posner's former legal clerks,Lawrence Lessig,wrote,"There isn't a federal judge I respect more,both as a judge and person."[77] The former dean of Yale Law School,Anthony T. Kronman,said that Posner was "one of the most rational human beings" he had ever met.[13]
Personal life
Posner and his wife lived in Hyde Park,Chicago,for many years. His son Eric Posner is also a prominent legal scholar and teaches at the University of Chicago Law School. Posner is a self-described "cat person" and is devoted to his Maine Coon,Pixie.[78] Posner appeared with his previous cat,a Maine Coon named Dinah,in a photograph accompanying a lengthy profile (of Posner) in The New Yorker in 2001.[79] He has been known to illustrate legal points in his opinions with elaborate cat-related metaphors and examples.[80]
Posner was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in early 2018,approximately six months after leaving the bench,and as of 2022 resides in a nursing facility.[81]
1999 An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ISBN0-674-00080-3.
Gary Stanley Becker was an American economist who received the 1992 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He was a professor of economics and sociology at the University of Chicago, and was a leader of the third generation of the Chicago school of economics.
Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is the application of microeconomic theory to the analysis of law, which emerged primarily from scholars of the Chicago school of economics. Economic concepts are used to explain the effects of laws, to assess which legal rules are economically efficient, and to predict which legal rules will be promulgated. There are two major branches of law and economics; one based on the application of the methods and theories of neoclassical economics to the positive and normative analysis of the law, and a second branch which focuses on an institutional analysis of law and legal institutions, with a broader focus on economic, political, and social outcomes, and overlapping with analyses of the institutions of politics and governance.
William Joseph Brennan Jr. was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1956 to 1990. He was the seventh-longest serving justice in Supreme Court history, and known for being a leader of the U.S. Supreme Court's liberal wing.
The Chicago school of economics is a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago, some of whom have constructed and popularized its principles. Milton Friedman and George Stigler are considered the leading scholars of the Chicago school.
The University of Chicago Law School is the law school of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It employs more than 180 full-time and part-time faculty and hosts more than 600 students in its Juris Doctor program, while also offering the Master of Laws, Master of Studies in Law and Doctor of Juridical Science degrees in law. The law school has the highest percentage of recent graduates clerking for federal judges. It is consistently ranked among the most prestigious law schools in the world, and has distinguished alumni in the judiciary, academia, government, politics, and business.
Frank Hoover Easterbrook is an American lawyer, jurist, and legal scholar who has served as a United States circuit judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit since 1985. He was the Seventh Circuit's chief judge from 2006 to 2013.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was an American jurist and legal scholar who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932. He is one of the most widely cited U.S. Supreme Court justices and among the most influential American common law judges in history, noted for his long service, pithy opinions—particularly those on civil liberties and American constitutional democracy—and deference to the decisions of elected legislatures. Holmes retired from the court at the age of 90, an unbeaten record for oldest justice on the Supreme Court. He previously served as a Brevet Colonel in the American Civil War, in which he was wounded three times, as an associate justice and chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and as Weld Professor of Law at his alma mater, Harvard Law School. His positions, distinctive personality, and writing style made him a popular figure, especially with American progressives.
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is a style guide that prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the United States. It is taught and used at a majority of U.S. law schools and is also used in a majority of federal courts. Legal publishers also use several "house" citation styles in their works. The Bluebook is compiled by the Harvard Law Review Association, the Columbia Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and the Yale Law Journal. Currently, it is in its 21st edition. Its name derives from the cover's color.
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the New York Court of Appeals from 1914 to 1932 and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1932 until his death in 1938. Cardozo is remembered for his significant influence on the development of American common law in the 20th century, in addition to his philosophy and vivid prose style.
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co., 248 N.Y. 339, 162 N.E. 99 (1928), is a leading case in American tort law on the question of liability to an unforeseeable plaintiff. The case was heard by the New York Court of Appeals, the highest state court in New York; its opinion was written by Chief Judge Benjamin Cardozo, a leading figure in the development of American common law and later a United States Supreme Court justice.
Cass Robert Sunstein is an American legal scholar known for his studies of constitutional law, administrative law, environmental law, and behavioral economics. He is also The New York Times best-selling author of The World According to Star Wars (2016) and Nudge (2008). He was the Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2012.
Edward Roy Becker was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
William M. Landes is an American economist who has written about the economic analysis of law and an emeritus professor at the University of Chicago Law School. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, which cited him for his work in the field. He is among the most cited law professors in American law reviews. Landes also is the original founder of Lexecon, a legal and economic consulting firm.
Eric Andrew Posner is an American lawyer and legal scholar who has served as a counsel for the Department of Justice Antitrust Division since 2022. As a law professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Posner has taught international law, contract law, and bankruptcy, among other areas. As of 2021, he was the second most-cited active legal scholar in the United States. He is the son of retired Seventh Circuit Judge Richard Posner.
Competition law theory covers the strands of thought relating to competition law or antitrust policy.
Philip Elman was an American lawyer at the United States Department of Justice and former member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Elman is best known for writing the government's brief in Brown v. Board of Education. Elman is also notable for being one of just three political independents to have ever served on the FTC.
Continental Television v. GTE Sylvania, 433 U.S. 36 (1977), was an antitrust decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. It widened the scope of the "rule of reason" to exclude the jurisdiction of antitrust laws.
C. Scott Hemphill is a legal academic whose scholarship focuses on intellectual property law and antitrust law. He is currently a Professor of Law at New York University Law School, where he has taught since 2015. Previously, Hemphill was a Professor of Law at Columbia Law School.
Randal C. Picker is an American legal scholar who is currently the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School. He is an expert in antitrust law and intellectual property law. His areas of interest also include law and economics, regulated industries, and bankruptcy law.
Phil C. Neal was an American legal scholar and university administrator who served as dean of the University of Chicago Law School between 1963 and 1975. Under his leadership, the law school recruited many influential scholars who contributed to the law and economics movement.
↑ The Bench Burner: An interview with Richard PosnerArchived May 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Reprint of article from New Yorker by Larissa MacFarquhar, Dec. 10, 2001: "Posner grew up in New York – first in Manhattan and then in Scarsdale. His mother's relatives were Jews from Vienna who looked down on his father's family, which was from Romania and poorer than they were. 'They were all poor,' Posner says, 'but my mothers family had toilet paper, and my father's family had newspaper.' " As shown on original sources freely available at FamilySearch.org, Posner's mother's family was actually from Husiatyn in the Austrian Empire (not Vienna), which is now in Ukraine.
↑ See Richard A. Posner, An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton (2000), ISBN978-0674003910.
↑ "Debates on the War with Iraq". Richard Posner / George P. Fletcher debate. Columbia School of Law. November 1, 2002. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
↑ Posner, Richard A. (July 29, 1986). "Goodbye to the Bluebook". The University of Chicago Law Review. 53 (4): 1343–1368. doi:10.2307/1599750. JSTOR1599750.
↑ Rosenberg, David (2007). "The Judicial Posner on Negligence Versus Strict Liability: Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co.". Harvard Law Review. 120 (5): 1210–1222. JSTOR40042013.
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