Ruthenium(III) chloride

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Ruthenium(III) chloride
Ruthenium Chloride Hydrate.jpg
Beta-RuCl3.jpg
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.139 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • VM2650000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3ClH.Ru/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Yes check.svgY
    Key: YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/3ClH.Ru/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
    Key: YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-DFZHHIFOAX
  • Cl[Ru](Cl)Cl
  • [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3]
Properties
RuCl3·xH2O
Molar mass 207.43 g/mol
Melting point >500 °C (932 °F; 773 K) (decomposes)
Soluble, Anhydrous is insoluble
+1998.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
trigonal (RuCl3), hP8
P3c1, No. 158
octahedral
Hazards
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions
Ruthenium(III) bromide
Other cations
Rhodium(III) chloride
Iron(III) chloride
Related compounds
 Ruthenium tetroxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Ruthenium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl3. "Ruthenium(III) chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl3·xH2O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. The hydrate, with a varying proportion of water of crystallization, often approximating to a trihydrate, is a commonly used starting material in ruthenium chemistry.

Contents

Preparation and properties

Anhydrous ruthenium(III) chloride is usually prepared by heating powdered ruthenium metal with chlorine. In the original synthesis, the chlorination was conducted in the presence of carbon monoxide, the product being carried by the gas stream and crystallising upon cooling. [1] [2] Two allotropes of RuCl3 are known. The black α-form adopts the CrCl3-type structure with long Ru-Ru contacts of 346 pm. This allotrope has honeycomb layers of Ru3+ which are surrounded with an octahedral cage of Cl− anions. The ruthenium cations are magnetic residing in a low-spin J~1/2 ground state with net angular momentum L=1. [3] [4] Layers of α-RuCl3 are stacked on top of each other with weak Van-der-Waals forces. These can be cleaved to form mono-layers using scotch tape. [5]

The dark brown metastable β-form crystallizes in a hexagonal cell; this form consists of infinite chains of face-sharing octahedra with Ru-Ru contacts of 283 pm, similar to the structure of zirconium trichloride. The β-form is irreversibly converted to the α-form at 450–600 °C. The β-form is diamagnetic, whereas α-RuCl3 is paramagnetic at room temperature. [6]

RuCl3 vapour decomposes into the elements at high temperatures ; the enthalpy change at 750 °C (1020 K), ΔdissH1020 has been estimated as +240 kJ/mol.

Solid state physics

α-RuCl3 was proposed as a candidate for a Kitaev quantum spin liquid state [7] when neutron scattering revealed an unusual magnetic spectrum, [8] [9] [10] and thermal transport revealed chiral Majorana Fermions when subject to a magnetic field. [11]

Coordination chemistry of hydrated ruthenium trichloride

As the most commonly available ruthenium compound, RuCl3·xH2O is the precursor to many hundreds of chemical compounds. The noteworthy property of ruthenium complexes, chlorides and otherwise, is the existence of more than one oxidation state, several of which are kinetically inert. All second and third-row transition metals form exclusively low spin complexes, whereas ruthenium is special in the stability of adjacent oxidation states, especially Ru(II), Ru(III) (as in the parent RuCl3·xH2O) and Ru(IV).

Illustrative complexes derived from "ruthenium trichloride"

2 RuCl3·xH2O + 7 PPh3 → 2 RuCl2(PPh3)3 + OPPh3 + 5 H2O + 2 HCl
2 RuCl3·xH2O + 2 C6H8 → [RuCl2(C6H6)]2 + 6 H2O + 2 HCl + H2
RuCl3·xH2O + 3 bipy + 0.5 CH3CH2OH → [Ru(bipy)3]Cl2 + 3 H2O + 0.5 CH3CHO + HCl

This reaction proceeds via the intermediate cis-Ru(bipy)2Cl2. [15]

2 RuCl3·xH2O + 2 C5Me5H → [RuCl2(C5Me5)]2 + 6 H2O + 2 HCl

[RuCl2(C5Me5)]2 can be further reduced to [RuCl(C5Me5)]4.

RuCl3·xH2O + 3 C5H8O2 → Ru(C5H7O2)3 + 3 H2O + 3 HCl

Some of these compounds were utilized in the research related to two Nobel Prizes. Noyori was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001 for the development of practical asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts based on ruthenium. Robert H. Grubbs was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005 for the development of practical alkene metathesis catalysts based on ruthenium alkylidene derivatives.

Carbon monoxide derivatives

RuCl3(H2O)x reacts with carbon monoxide under mild conditions. [18] In contrast, iron chlorides do not react with CO. CO reduces the red-brown trichloride to yellowish Ru(II) species. Specifically, exposure of an ethanol solution of RuCl3(H2O)x to 1 atm of CO gives, depending on the specific conditions, [Ru2Cl4(CO)4], [Ru2Cl4(CO)4]2−, and [RuCl3(CO)3]−. Addition of ligands (L) to such solutions gives Ru-Cl-CO-L compounds (L = PR3). Reduction of these carbonylated solutions with Zn affords the orange triangular cluster Ru3(CO)12.

3 RuCl3·xH2O + 4.5 Zn + 12 CO (high pressure) → Ru3(CO)12 + 3x H2O + 4.5 ZnCl2

Sources

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphorus trichloride</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhodium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Rhodium(III) chloride refers to inorganic compounds with the formula RhCl3(H2O)n, where n varies from 0 to 3. These are diamagnetic solids featuring octahedral Rh(III) centres. Depending on the value of n, the material is either a dense brown solid or a soluble reddish salt. The soluble trihydrated (n = 3) salt is widely used to prepare compounds used in homogeneous catalysis, notably for the industrial production of acetic acid and hydroformylation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gadolinium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molybdenum(V) chloride</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molybdenum(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer</span> Chemical compound

Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride is an organoruthenium chemistry with the formula [(C5(CH3)5)RuCl2]2, commonly abbreviated [Cp*RuCl2]2. This brown paramagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry. It is an unusual example of a compound that exists as isomers that differ in the intermetallic separation, a difference that is manifested in a number of physical properties.

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<i>cis</i>-Dichlorobis(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Chemical compound

cis-Dichlorobis(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) is the coordination complex with the formula RuCl2(bipy)2, where bipy is 2,2'-bipyridine. It is a dark green diamagnetic solid that is a precursor to many other complexes of ruthenium, mainly by substitution of the two chloride ligands. The compound has been crystallized as diverse hydrates.

References

  1. ↑ Remy, H.; Kühn, M. (1924). "Beiträge zur Chemie der Platinmetalle. V. Thermischer Abbau des Ruthentrichlorids und des Ruthendioxyds". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 137 (1): 365–388. doi:10.1002/zaac.19241370127.
  2. ↑ Bublitz, D. E; McEwen, W. E.; Kleinberg, J. (1961). "Ruthenocene". Organic Syntheses. 41: 96. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.041.0096.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Fletcher, J. M.; Gardner, W. E.; Hooper, E. W.; Hyde, K. R.; Moore, F. H.; Woodhead, J. L. (September 1963). "Anhydrous Ruthenium Chlorides". Nature. 199 (4898): 1089–1090. Bibcode:1963Natur.199.1089F. doi:10.1038/1991089a0. ISSN   0028-0836. S2CID   4179795.
  4. ↑ Plumb, K. W.; Clancy, J. P.; Sandilands, L. J.; Shankar, V. Vijay; Hu, Y. F.; Burch, K. S.; Kee, Hae-Young; Kim, Young-June (2014-07-29). "α−RuCl3: A Spin-Orbit Assisted Mott Insulator on a Honeycomb Lattice". Physical Review B. 90 (4): 041112. arXiv: 1403.0883 . Bibcode:2014PhRvB..90d1112P. doi:10.1103/physrevb.90.041112. ISSN   1098-0121. S2CID   29688091.
  5. ↑ Zhou, Boyi; Wang, Yiping; Osterhoudt, Gavin B.; Lampen-Kelley, Paula; Mandrus, David; He, Rui; Burch, Kenneth S.; Henriksen, Erik A. (2019). "Possible Structural Transformation and Enhanced Magnetic Fluctuations in Exfoliated αRuCl3". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 128: 291–295. arXiv: 1709.00431 . Bibcode:2019JPCS..128..291Z. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.01.026. ISSN   0022-3697. S2CID   103743571.
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  7. ↑ Banerjee, A.; Bridges, C. A.; Yan, J.-Q.; Aczel, A. A.; Li, L.; Stone, M. B.; Granroth, G. E.; Lumsden, M. D.; Yiu, Y. (2016-04-04). "Proximate Kitaev quantum spin liquid behaviour in a honeycomb magnet". Nature Materials. 15 (7): 733–740. arXiv: 1504.08037 . Bibcode:2016NatMa..15..733B. doi:10.1038/nmat4604. ISSN   1476-1122. PMID   27043779. S2CID   3406627.
  8. ↑ Banerjee, Arnab; Yan, Jiaqiang; Knolle, Johannes; Bridges, Craig A.; Stone, Matthew B.; Lumsden, Mark D.; Mandrus, David G.; Tennant, David A.; Moessner, Roderich (2017-06-09). "Neutron scattering in the proximate quantum spin liquid α-RuCl 3". Science. 356 (6342): 1055–1059. arXiv: 1609.00103 . Bibcode:2017Sci...356.1055B. doi:10.1126/science.aah6015. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   28596361. S2CID   206652434.
  9. ↑ Do, Seung-Hwan; Park, Sang-Youn; Yoshitake, Junki; Nasu, Joji; Motome, Yukitoshi; Kwon, Yong Seung; Adroja, D. T.; Voneshen, D. J.; Kim, Kyoo (2017-09-18). "Majorana fermions in the Kitaev quantum spin system α-RuCl3". Nature Physics. 13 (11): 1079–1084. Bibcode:2017NatPh..13.1079D. doi:10.1038/nphys4264. ISSN   1745-2473.
  10. ↑ Banerjee, Arnab; Lampen-Kelley, Paula; Knolle, Johannes; Balz, Christian; Aczel, Adam Anthony; Winn, Barry; Liu, Yaohua; Pajerowski, Daniel; Yan, Jiaqiang; Bridges, Craig A.; Savici, Andrei T.; Chakoumakos, Bryan C.; Lumsden, Mark D.; Tennant, David Alan; Moessner, Roderich; Mandrus, David G.; Nagler, Stephen E. (2018-02-20). "Excitations in the field-induced quantum spin liquid state of α-RuCl 3". NPJ Quantum Materials. 3 (1): 8. arXiv: 1706.07003 . Bibcode:2018npjQM...3....8B. doi:10.1038/s41535-018-0079-2. ISSN   2397-4648. S2CID   55484993.
  11. ↑ Kasahara, Y.; Ohnishi, T.; Mizukami, Y.; Tanaka, O.; Ma, Sixiao; Sugii, K.; Kurita, N.; Tanaka, H.; Nasu, J. (July 2018). "Majorana quantization and half-integer thermal quantum Hall effect in a Kitaev spin liquid". Nature. 559 (7713): 227–231. arXiv: 1805.05022 . Bibcode:2018Natur.559..227K. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0274-0. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   29995863. S2CID   49664700.
  12. ↑ P. S. Hallman, T. A. Stephenson, G. Wilkinson "Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Dichloro-Ruthenium(II) and Tris(Triphenylphosphine)-Dichlororuthenium(II)" Inorganic Syntheses, 1970 Volume 12, . doi : 10.1002/9780470132432.ch40
  13. ↑ Bennett, Martin A.; Smith, Anthony K. (1974-01-01). "Arene ruthenium(II) complexes formed by dehydrogenation of cyclohexadienes with ruthenium(III) trichloride". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (2): 233–241. doi:10.1039/dt9740000233. ISSN   1364-5447.
  14. ↑ Bennett, M. A.; Huang, T. N.; Matheson, T. W. & Smith, A. K. (1982). (η6-Hexamethylbenzene)ruthenium Complexes. Inorg. Synth. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 21. pp. 74–8. doi:10.1002/9780470132524.ch16. ISBN   9780470132524.
  15. 1 2 Broomhead, J. A.; Young, C. G. (1990). Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)Ruthenium(II) Dichloride Hexahydrate. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 28. pp. 338–340. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch86. ISBN   9780470132593.
  16. ↑ Kölle, Urich; Kossakowski, Janusz (1992). "Di-μ-Chloro-Bis[(η5 -Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Chlororuthenium(III)], [Cp* RuCl2 ]2 and Di-μ-methoxo-Bis(η5 -Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)diruthenium(II), [Cp* RuOMe]2". Di-μ-Chloro-Bis[(η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Chlororuthenium(III)], [Cp*RuCl2]2 and Di-μ-methoxo-Bis(η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)diruthenium(II), [Cp*RuOMe]2. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 29. pp. 225–228. doi:10.1002/9780470132609.ch52. ISBN   9780470132609.
  17. ↑ Gupta, A. (2000). "Improved synthesis and reactivity of tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium(III)". Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section A. 39A (4): 457. ISSN   0376-4710.
  18. ↑ Hill, A. F. (2000). ""Simple" Ruthenium Carbonyls of Ruthenium: New Avenues from the Hieber Base Reaction". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (1): 130–134. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<130::AID-ANIE130>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID   10649352.

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