Sapporo[a] (札幌市,Sapporo-shi,[sapːoɾoɕi]ⓘ) is a designated city in Hokkaido,Japan. Located in the southwest of Hokkaido,it lies within the alluvial fan of the Toyohira River,a tributary of the Ishikari River. Sapporo is the capital of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture. As of July 31,2023,the city has a population of 1,959,750,making it the largest city in Hokkaido and the largest north of Tokyo. It ranks as the fifth most populous city in Japan and is Hokkaido's cultural,economic,and political center.
Originally a plain sparsely inhabited by the indigenous Ainu people,there were a few trade posts of the Matsumae domain in the area during the Edo period. The city began as an administrative centre with the establishment of the Hokkaido Development Commission headquarters in 1869. Inspired by the ancient cities of Kyoto and Heijō-kyō,it adopted a grid plan and developed around Odori Park. After the Second World War,it replaced Otaru as Hokkaido's commercial and business hub,and its population surpassed one million by 1970.
Before its establishment,the area occupied by Sapporo (Ishikari Plain,around Ishikari,Hokkaido) was home to indigenous Ainu settlements.[6] In 1866,at the end of the Edo period,construction began on a canal through the area,encouraging a number of early settlers to establish Sapporo village.[7] In 1868,the officially recognized year celebrated as the "birth" of Sapporo,the new Meiji government concluded that the existing administrative center of Hokkaido,which at the time was the port of Hakodate,was in an unsuitable location for defense and further development of the island. As a result,it was determined that a new capital on the Ishikari Plain should be established. The plain itself provided an unusually large expanse of flat,well-drained land which is relatively uncommon in the otherwise mountainous geography of Hokkaido.
During 1870–1871,Kuroda Kiyotaka,vice-chairman of the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitaku-shi),approached the American government for assistance in developing the land. As a result,Horace Capron,Secretary of Agriculture under President Ulysses S. Grant,became an oyatoi gaikokujin and was appointed as a special advisor to the commission. Construction began around Odori Park,which still remains as a green ribbon of recreational land bisecting the central area of the city. The city closely followed a grid plan with streets at right-angles to form city blocks. The continuing expansion of the Japanese into around Hokkaido continued,and the prosperity of Hokkaido and particularly its capital grew to the point that the Development Commission was deemed unnecessary and was abolished in 1882. In 1871,the HokkaidōShrine was built in its current location as the Sapporo Shrine.
Edwin Dun came to Sapporo to establish sheep and cattle ranches in 1876. He also demonstrated pig raising and the making of butter,cheese,ham and sausage. He was married twice,to Japanese women. He once went back to the US in 1883 but returned to Japan as a secretary of government. William S. Clark,who was the president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (now the University of Massachusetts Amherst),came to be the founding vice-president of the Sapporo Agricultural College (now Hokkaido University) for eight months from 1876 to 1877. He taught academic subjects in science and lectured on the Bible as an "ethics" course,introducing Christian principles to the first entering class of the college.
In 1880,the entire area of Sapporo was renamed as "Sapporo-ku" (Sapporo Ward),[8] and a railroad between Sapporo and Temiya,Otaru was laid. That year the Hōheikan,a hotel and reception facility for visiting officials and dignitaries,was built adjacent to the Odori Park. It was later moved to Nakajima Park where it remains today. Two years later,with the abolition of the Kaitaku-shi,Hokkaidōwas divided into three prefectures:Hakodate,Sapporo,and Nemuro. The name of the urban district in Sapporo remained Sapporo-ku,while the rest of the area in Sapporo-ku was changed to Sapporo-gun. The office building of Sapporo-ku was also located in the urban district.[8]
Sapporo,Hakodate,and Nemuro Prefectures were abolished in 1886,and Hokkaidōgovernment office building,an American-neo-baroque-style structure with red bricks,constructed in 1888. The last squad of the Tondenhei,the soldiers pioneering Hokkaido,settled in the place where the area of Tonden in Kita-ku,Sapporo is currently located. Sapporo-ku administered surrounding Sapporo-gun until 1899,when the new district system was announced. After that year,Sapporo-ku was away from the control of Sapporo-gun.[8] The "ku" (district) enforced from 1899 was an autonomy which was a little bigger than towns,and smaller than cities. In Hokkaido at that time,Hakodate-ku and Otaru-ku also existed.[9]
In 1907,Tohoku Imperial University was established in Sendai Miyagi Prefecture,and Sapporo Agricultural College became part of the university as its agriculture faculty. Parts of neighbouring villages including Sapporo Village,Naebo Village,Kami Shiroishi Village,and districts where the Tonden-hei had settled,were integrated into Sapporo-ku in 1910. The Sapporo Streetcar was opened in 1918,and Hokkaido Imperial University was established in Sapporo-ku,as the fifth Imperial University in Japan,by separating the agriculture faculty of Tohoku Imperial University again. Another railroad operated in Sapporo,the Jōzankei Line,which was ultimately abolished in 1969.
In 1922,the new city system was announced by the national government in Tokyo,and Sapporo-ku was officially renamed Sapporo City.[7] The Sapporo Municipal Bus System was started in 1930. In 1937,Sapporo was chosen as the site of the 1940 Winter Olympics,but due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War,this was cancelled the next year. Maruyama Town was integrated as a part of Chūō-ku in 1940,and the Okadama Airport was constructed in 1942. During World War II,the city was bombed by American naval aircraft in July 1945.[10]
The first Sapporo Snow Festival was held in 1950. In the same year,adjacent Shiroishi Village was integrated into Sapporo City,rendered as a part of Shiroishi-ku,and Atsubetsu-ku.[11] In 1955,Kotoni Town,the entire Sapporo Village,and Shinoro Village were merged into Sapporo,becoming a part of the current Chūō-ku,Kita-ku,Higashi-ku,Nishi-ku,and Teine-ku.[11] The expansion of Sapporo continued,with the merger of Toyohira Town in 1961,and Teine Town in 1967,each becoming a part of Toyohira-ku,Kiyota-ku,and Teine-ku.[11]
The ceremony commemorating the 100th anniversary of the foundation of Sapporo and Hokkaido was held in 1968. The Sapporo Municipal Subway system was inaugurated in 1971,which made Sapporo the fourth city in Japan to have a subway system. From February 3 to 13,1972,the 1972 Winter Olympics were held,the first Winter Olympics held in Asia.[7] On April 1 of the same year,Sapporo was designated as one of the cities designated by government ordinance,and seven wards were established.[11] The last public performance by the opera singer,Maria Callas,was in Sapporo at the Hokkaido Koseinenkin Kaikan on 11 November 1974.[12] The Sapporo Municipal Subway was expanded when the Tōzai line started operation in 1976,and the Tōhōline was opened in 1988. In 1989,Atsubetsu-ku and Teine-ku were separated from Shiroishi-ku and Nishi-ku. Annual events in Sapporo were started,such as the Pacific Music Festival in 1990,and Yosakoi Sōran Festival in 1992. A professional football club,Consadole Sapporo,was established in 1996. In 1997,Kiyota-ku was separated from Toyohira-ku. In the same year,HokkaidōTakushoku Bank,a Hokkaido-based bank with headquarters in Odori,went bankrupt.[13]
21st century
In 2001 the construction of the Sapporo Dome was completed,and in 2002 the Dome hosted three matches during the 2002 FIFA World Cup:Germany vs Saudi Arabia,Argentina vs England and Italy vs Ecuador,all of which were in the first round. Fumio Ueda,was elected as Sapporo mayor for the first time in 2003. Sapporo became the home to a Nippon Professional Baseball team,Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters,in 2004,which won the 2006 Japan Series,and the victory parade was held on Ekimae-Dōri (a street in front of Sapporo Station) in February 2007.
Sapporo is a city located in the southwest part of Ishikari Plain and the alluvial fan of the Toyohira River,a tributary stream of the Ishikari River.[15] It is part of Ishikari Subprefecture. Roadways in the urban district are laid to make a grid plan. The western and southern parts of Sapporo are occupied by a number of mountains including Mount Teine,Maruyama,and Mount Moiwa,as well as many rivers including the Ishikari River,Toyohira River,and Sōsei River. Sapporo has an elevation of 29m (95ft 2in).[16]
Sapporo has many parks,including Odori Park,which is located in the heart of the city and hosts a number of annual events and festivals throughout the year. Moerenuma Park is also one of the largest parks in Sapporo,and was constructed under the plan of Isamu Noguchi,a Japanese-American artist and landscape architect.
Sapporo has a humid continental climate (Köppen:Dfa),with a wide range of temperature between the summer and winter. Summers are generally warm and humid,but not oppressively hot,and winters are cold and very snowy,with an average snowfall of 4.79m (15ft 9in) per year.[17] Sapporo is one of few metropolises in the world with such heavy snowfall,[18] enabling it to hold events and festivals with snow statues. The heavy snowfall is due to the Siberian High developing over the Eurasian land mass and the Aleutian Low developing over the northern Pacific Ocean,resulting in a flow of cold air southeastward across Tsushima Current and to western Hokkaido. The city's annual average precipitation is around 1,100mm (43.3in),and the mean annual temperature is 8.5°C (47.3°F).[19]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Sapporo was 36.3°C (97.3°F) on August 23,2023.[20] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −28.5°C (−19.3°F) on 1 February 1929.[20]
Climate data for Sapporo (1991−2020 normals,extremes 1877−present)
Source 2:Weather Atlas (UV),[21] Time and Date (dewpoints,2005–2015),[22] Météo Climat[23][24]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
The first census of the population of Sapporo was taken in 1873, when 753 families with a total of 1,785 people were recorded in the town.[25] The city has an estimated population of 1,959,750 as of July 31, 2023 and a population density of 1,748 persons per km2 (4,500 persons per mi2). The total area is 1,121.26km2 (432.92sqmi).
The tertiary sector dominates Sapporo's industry. Major industries include information technology, retail, and tourism, as Sapporo is a destination for winter sports and events and summer activities due to its comparatively cool climate.[26]
The city is also the manufacturing centre of Hokkaido, manufacturing various goods such as food and related products, fabricated metal products, steel, machinery, beverages, and pulp and paper.[27] The Sapporo Breweries, founded in 1876, is a major company and employer in the city.[28][29]
Sapporo has one streetcar line, three JR Hokkaido lines, three subway lines and JR Bus, Chuo Bus and other bus lines. Sapporo Subway trains have rubber-tired wheels.
Airways
Airport
The Sapporo area is served by two airports: Okadama Airport, which offers regional flights within Hokkaido and Tohoku, and New Chitose Airport, a larger international airport located in the city of Chitose30mi (48km) away, connected by regular rapid trains taking around 40 minutes. The Sapporo-Tokyo route between New Chitose and Haneda is the second busiest in the world only after Gimpo to Jeju route.
An airport shuttle bus servicing hotels in Sapporo operates every day of the year. SkyExpress was founded in 2005 and also provides transport to and from various ski resorts throughout Hokkaido, including Niseko.
Sapporo Ramen Yokocho and Norubesa (a building with a Ferris wheel) are in Susukino district. The district also has the Tanuki Kōji Shopping Arcade, the oldest shopping mall in the city.
The district of Jōzankei in Minami-ku has many resort hotels with steam baths and onsen.
The Peace Pagoda, one of many such monuments across the world built by the Buddhist order Nipponzan Myohoji to promote and inspire world peace, has a stupa that was built in 1959,[citation needed] halfway up Mount Moiwa, to commemorate peace after World War II. It contains some of the ashes of the Buddha that were presented to the Emperor of Japan by Prime Minister Nehru in 1954. [citation needed] Another portion was presented to Mikhail Gorbachev by the Nipponzan-Myohoji monk, Junsei Terasawa. [citation needed]
Nishioka Park is a location of rich nature that centers around a pond and consists of marshland and the forest of the Tsukisamu River and its upper river basin. This park also serves as one of the main habitats in Hokkaido for many types of wild birds.
May: the Sapporo Lilac Festival. Lilac was brought to Sapporo in 1889 by an American educator, Sarah Clara Smith. At the festival, people enjoy the flowers, wine and live music.
June: the Yosakoi Soran Festival. The sites of the festival are centered on Odori Park and the street leading to Susukino, and there are other festival sites. In the festival, many dance teams dance to music composed based on a Japanese traditional song, "Sōran Bushi". Members of the dancing teams wear special costumes and compete on the roads or stages constructed on the festival sites. In 2006, 350 teams were featured with around 45,000 dancers, and over 1,860,000 people visited the festival.[34]
The Sapporo Summer Festival. People enjoy drinking at the beer garden in Odori Park and on the streets of Susukino. This festival consists of a number of fairs such as Tanuki Festival and Susukino Festival.[34]
September: the Sapporo Autumn Festival
December: Christmas market in Odori Park, similar to German Christmas markets.
From November through January, many citizens enjoy the Sapporo White Illuminations.
Cuisine
Soup curry
The city is home to Sapporo Brewery, white chocolate biscuits known as 'shiroi koibito' (白い恋人), and also as the birthplace of miso ramen.[35] Kouraku Ramen Meitengai, in the Susukino district, is an alley lined with many miso ramen restaurants, since 1951. After its demolition, due to plans for the Sapporo Olympics, the Ganso Sapporo Ramen Yokocho was established in its place. It attracts many tourists throughout the year.[35] From the year 1966, a food company named, Sanyo Foods, began to sell instant ramen under the brand name, "Sapporo Ichiban".
Haskap, a local variety of edible honeysuckle, similar to blueberries, is a specialty in Sapporo. Other specialty dishes of Sapporo include; soup curry, a soupy curry made with vegetables and chicken, sometimes other meats too, and jingisukan, a barbecued lamb dish, named after Genghis Khan. Sapporo Sweets, is a confectionery using many ingredients from Hokkaido where there's also the Sapporo Sweets Competition held annually.[36] Sapporo is also well known for fresh seafood including salmon, sea urchin and crab. Crab in particular is famed. Many types of crab are harvested and served seasonally in Sapporo like the horsehair crab, snow crab, king crab, and Hanasaki crab, with numerous dishes revolving around them.[37]
Sapporo was selected as host to the 5th Winter Olympics, scheduled for February 3 to 12, 1940; however Japan had to cancel the event, consequently handing the decision back to the IOC, after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937.
In 1972, Sapporo hosted the 11th Winter Olympics. Some structures built for Olympic events remain in use today, including the ski jumps at Miyanomori and Okurayama. After considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics and the 2030 Winter Olympics, Olympic representatives in Sapporo have said that the city is considering a bid for the 2034 Winter Olympics. The city predicted it may cost as much as 456.5 billion yen ($4.3 billion) to host the games and is planning to have 90 percent of the facilities within half an hour of the Olympic village, according to a report published 12 May 2016. The Alpen course would be in Niseko, the world's second-snowiest resort, while the village would be next to the Sapporo Dome, the report said.[38] The plans were presented to the Japanese Olympic Committee on 8 November 2016.[39][40] In 2002, Sapporo hosted three group matches of the FIFA World Cup at the Sapporo Dome. In 2006, Sapporo hosted some games of the 2006 Basketball World Championship and also for the 2006 Women's Volleyball World Championship. In 2007, Sapporo hosted the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships at the Sapporo Dome, Miyanomori ski jump, Okurayama ski jump, and the Shirahatayama cross-country course. It has been the host city to two Asian Winter Games and hosted the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Obihiro. Sapporo also hosted matches during the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
Skiing remains a major sport in Sapporo with almost all children skiing as a part of the school curriculum. Okurayama Elementary School is unusual in having its own ski hill and ski jumping hill on the school grounds. Within the city are commercial ski hills including Moiwayama, Bankeiyama, KobaWorld, Sapporo Teine and Fu's.
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There are 198 municipal elementary schools, and 98 municipal junior high schools in Sapporo. Sapporo Odori High School provides Japanese-language classes to foreign and Japanese returnee students, and the school has special admissions quotas for these groups.[42]
↑ Japan, Brewery Convention of. "Brewers Association of Japan". Brewers Association of Japan (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
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