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The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1783. In the American Revolutionary War, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, the colonies secured their independence from the British Crown and established the United States as the first sovereign nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of constitutionalism and liberal democracy.
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame and constraints of government. The Constitution's first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V, and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 states to ratify it. The Constitution of the United States is the oldest and longest-standing written and codified national constitution in force in the world today.
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References
- ↑ Williams, Samuel (1809) The Natural and Civil History of Vermont, 2 vols. (Burlington VT, Samuel Mills) volume 2: pages 395-396. Congregational minister, Harvard professor, author of the first history of Vermont, and founder of Vermont's oldest continuously published newspaper; Rev. Williams considered a rigid, unchanging constitution to be high folly, in that "no policy would appear more puerile or contemptible to the people of America, than an attempt to bind posterity to our forms, or to confine them to our degrees of knowledge, and improvement: The aim is altogether the reverse, to make provision for the perpetual improvement and progression of the government itself…."
- ↑ "THE QUARTET: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789". Kirkus Reviews . Vol. LXXXIII, no. 1. 1 January 2015. ISSN 1948-7428 . Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ↑ "War of 1812 - The Second War for Independence". Archived from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ↑ Trigger, E. D. T. (1996). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: North America. Cambridge University Press. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-521-57392-4.
- ↑ O'Connell, Shaun (15 February 1998). "The Turning Point How the Arrest of an Escaped Slave in Pre-Civil War Boston Helped Start a Second American Revolution" . The Boston Globe . ISSN 0743-1791 . Retrieved 22 December 2021– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, (1927) The Rise of American Civilization (New York: The Macmillan Co.), 2 vols., II, 53-54.
- ↑ Allen, Frederick (20 January 1991). "Liberating the Slaves and Himself". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
- ↑ Downs, Gregory P. (19 July 2017). "Analysis | Why the second American Revolution deserves as much attention as the first". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ↑ Levine, Bruce (August 2015). "The Second American Revolution". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ↑ "BY THE LIGHT OF BURNING DREAMS: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the Second American Revolution". Kirkus Reviews . Vol. LXXXIX, no. 8. 15 April 2021. ISSN 1948-7428 . Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ↑ Moïsi, Dominique (5 June 2003). "The war of the second American revolution" . Financial Times . ISSN 0307-1766 . Retrieved 20 December 2021– via ProQuest.
- ↑ Vidal, Gore (5 February 1981). "The Second American Revolution?" . The New York Review of Books . 28 (1): 36. ISSN 0028-7504 . Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (27 April 1982). "Books of The Times". The New York Times Book Review . ISSN 0028-7504. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ↑ "State of the Union: 'Second American Revolution'; Transcript of the President's State of Union Address to Congress". The New York Times . 7 February 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ↑ "Patriot with a bomb: McVeigh sought a second American Revolution" . Montreal Gazette . 25 April 1997. ISSN 0384-1294 . Retrieved 21 December 2021– via ProQuest.
- ↑ McVeigh, Timothy (11 February 1992). "Letter from Timothy McVeigh to the Union-Sun & Journal". Lockport Union-Sun & Journal . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2021– via CNN.
- ↑ "TEA PARTY PATRIOTS: The Second American Revolution". Kirkus Reviews . Vol. LXXX, no. 1. 1 January 2012. ISSN 1948-7428 . Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ↑ "Q & A / NEAL BOORTZ, Radio host and author: FairTax 'a second American revolution'" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . 14 August 2005. ISSN 1539-7459 . Retrieved 21 December 2021– via ProQuest.