Serie A

Last updated

Serie A
Logo Serie A TIM 2021.svg
Organising body Lega Serie A
Founded1898;124 years ago (1898)
1929 (as round-robin)
CountryItaly
Confederation UEFA
Number of teams 20
Level on pyramid 1
Relegation to Serie B
Domestic cup(s)
International cup(s)
Current champions AC Milan (19th title)
(2021–22)
Most championships Juventus (36 titles)
Most appearances
Top goalscorer Silvio Piola (274)
TV partners List of broadcasters
Website legaseriea.it
Current: 2022–23 Serie A

The Serie A (Italian pronunciation:  [ˈsɛːrje ˈa] [1] ), also called Serie A TIM for national sponsorship with TIM, [2] is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the Italian football league system and the winner is awarded the Scudetto and the Coppa Campioni d'Italia. It has been operating as a round-robin tournament for over ninety years since the 1929–30 season. It had been organized by the Direttorio Divisioni Superiori until 1943 and the Lega Calcio until 2010, when the Lega Serie A was created for the 2010–11 season. Serie A is regarded as one of the best football leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical and defensively sound national league. [3] Serie A was the world's strongest national league in 2020 according to IFFHS, [4] and is ranked fourth among European leagues according to UEFA's league coefficient – behind the Bundesliga, La Liga and the Premier League, and ahead of Ligue 1 – which is based on the performance of Italian clubs in the Champions League and the Europa League during the previous five years. Serie A led the UEFA ranking from 1986 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1999. [5]

Contents

In its current format, the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds, to a single-tier league from the 1929–30 season onwards. The championship titles won before 1929 are officially recognised by FIGC with the same weighting as titles that were subsequently awarded. Similarly, the 1945–46 season, when the round-robin was suspended and the league was played over two geographical groups due to the ravages of World War II, is not statistically considered, even if its title is fully official. [6]

The league hosts three of the world's most famous clubs as Juventus, AC Milan and Inter Milan, all founding members of the G-14, a group which represented the largest and most prestigious European football clubs from 2000 to 2008, [7] with the first two also being founding members of its successive organisation, European Club Association (ECA). More players have won the Ballon d'Or award while playing at a Serie A club than any league in the world other than Spain's La Liga, [8] although La Liga has the highest total number of Ballon d'Or winners. Juventus, Italy's most successful club of the 20th century [9] and the most winning Italian team, [10] is tied for sixth in Europe and twelfth in the world with the most official international titles with eleven. [11] Prior the first Europa Conference League final in 2022, it was also the only one in the world to have won all the historical five official confederation competitions, an achievement reached after its triumph in the 1985 Intercontinental Cup and revalidated after winning a sixth tournament, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, fourteen years later. [12] Milan is joint third club overall for official international titles won with eighteen. [13] Inter, following their achievements in the 2009–10 season, became the first Italian team to have achieved a seasonal treble. It is also the team to have competed uninterruptedly for the most time in the top flight of Italian football, having seen its debut in 1909. [14] [15] All these clubs, along with Lazio, Fiorentina, Roma and Napoli, are known as the "seven sisters" (sette sorelle) of Italian football. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [note 1]

Serie A is one of the most storied football leagues in the world. Of the 100 greatest footballers in history chosen by FourFourTwo magazine in 2017, 42 players have played in Serie A, more than any other league in the world. [21] Juventus is the team that has produced the most World Cup champions (25), with Inter (19), Roma (15) and Milan (10), being respectively third, fourth and ninth in that ranking. [22]

History

Serie A, as it is structured today, began during the 1929–30 season. From 1898 to 1922, the competition was organised into regional groups. Because of ever growing teams attending regional championships, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) split the CCI (Italian Football Confederation) in 1921, which founded in Milan the Lega Nord (Northern Football League), ancestor of present-day Lega Serie A. When CCI teams rejoined the FIGC created two interregional divisions renaming Categories into Divisions and splitting FIGC sections into two north–south leagues. In 1926, due to internal crises and fascist pressures, the FIGC changed internal settings, adding southern teams to the national division, ultimately leading to the 1929–30 final settlement. Torino were declared champions in the 1948–49 season following a plane crash near the end of the season in which the entire team was killed.[ citation needed ]

The Serie A Championship title is often referred to as the scudetto ("small shield") because since the 1923–24 season, the winning team will bear a small coat of arms with the Italian tricolour on their strip in the following season. The most successful club is Juventus with 36 championships, followed by Inter Milan and AC Milan with 19 championships. From the 2004–05 season onwards, an actual trophy was awarded to club on the pitch after the last turn of the championship. The trophy, called the Coppa Campioni d'Italia, has officially been used since the 1960–61 season, but between 1961 and 2004 was consigned to the winning clubs at the head office of the Lega Nazionale Professionisti.[ citation needed ]

In April 2009, Serie A announced a split from Serie B. Nineteen of the twenty clubs voted in favour of the move in an argument over television rights; the relegation-threatened Lecce had voted against the decision. Maurizio Beretta, the former head of Italy's employers' association, became president of the new league. [23] [24] [25] [26]

In April 2016, it was announced that Serie A was selected by the International Football Association Board to test video replays, which were initially private for the 2016–17 season, allowing them to become a live pilot phase, with replay assistance implemented in the 2017–18 season. [27] On the decision, FIGC President Carlo Tavecchio said, "We were among the first supporters of using technology on the pitch and we believe we have everything required to offer our contribution to this important experiment." [28]

Format

For most of Serie A's history, there were 16 or 18 clubs competing at the top level. Since 2004–05, however, there have been 20 clubs in total. One season (1947–48) was played with 21 teams for political reasons, following post-war tensions with Yugoslavia. Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history;

Scudetto patch Scudetto.svg
Scudetto patch

During the season, which runs from August to May, each club plays each of the other teams twice; once at home and once away, totalling 38 games for each team by the end of the season. Thus, in Italian football a true round-robin format is used. In the first half of the season, called the andata, each team plays once against each league opponent, for a total of 19 games. In the second half of the season, called the ritorno, the teams play another 19 games, once more against each opponent, in which home and away matches are reversed. The two halves of the season had exactly the same order of fixtures until the 2021–22 season, when an asymmetrical calendar was introduced, following the format of the English, Spanish, and French leagues. [29] Since the 1994–95 season, teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss. Prior to this, teams were awarded two points for a win, one for a draw, and none for a loss. The three lowest-placed teams at the end of the season are relegated to Serie B, and three Serie B teams are promoted to replace them for the next season.

European qualification

As of 2022, Serie A is ranked as the fourth-best league by UEFA coefficient, therefore the top four teams in the Serie A qualify straight to the UEFA Champions League group stage. The team finishing fifth, along with the Coppa Italia winner (if the Coppa Italia winner finishes outside the top five) or the team finishing sixth (if the Coppa Italia winner finishes inside the top five), qualify for the UEFA Europa League group stage. The sixth or the seventh ranked club, depending on the Coppa Italia winner's league performance, joins the final qualification round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.

Tiebreaking

If after all 38 games there are two teams tied on points for first place, the team that wins the scudetto is decided by a single-legged play-off game of 90 minutes and penalties (no extra time), to be held at a neutral venue. [30] If more than two teams are tied for one of those spots then the two teams to play in the match is decided by a mini table between the teams involved. For a tie in any other position the deciding tie-breakers are as follows:

  1. Head-to-head points
  2. Goal difference of head-to-head games
  3. Goal difference overall
  4. Higher number of goals scored
  5. Play-off game at a neutral venue if relevant to decide European spot or relegation; otherwise by draw [31]

Prior to 2005–06 a play-off would immediately be used if teams were tied in a championship, European qualification, or relegation spot, but between 2006–07 and 2021–22 the tiebreakers currently used for all places besides first were in place to decide the scudetto winner, though this was never needed. In some past years, the playoff was a single game at a neutral site while in others it was a two-legged tie decided by aggregate score. A playoff game has never been needed since the tiebreaking format changed.

The only time a playoff was used to decide the champion occurred in the 1963–64 season when Bologna and Inter both finished on 54 points. Bologna won the playoff 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win the scudetto. [31] Playoff games have been used on multiple occasions to decide European competition qualifications (most recently in 1999–2000) and relegation (most recently in 2004–05).

Clubs

Before 1929, many clubs competed in the top level of Italian football as the earlier rounds were competed up to 1922 on a regional basis then interregional up to 1929. Below is a list of Serie A clubs who have competed in the competition since it has been a league format (68 in total).

2022–23 season

Clubs

The following 20 clubs are competing in the Serie A during the 2022–23 season.

TeamLocation 2021–22 seasonFirst season in Serie A (as round-robin)No. of Serie A seasons (as round r.)First season of current spellNo. of seasons of current spellSerie A titles (as round r.)National titlesMost recent title
Atalanta Bergamo 8th in Serie A1937–38622011–121200–
Bologna Bologna 13th in Serie A1929–30762015–168571963–64
Cremonese Cremona 2nd in Serie B1929–3082022–23100–
Empoli Empoli 15th Serie A1986–87152021–22200–
Fiorentina Florence 7th in Serie A1931–32852004–0519221968–69
Hellas Verona Verona 9th in Serie A1957–58322019–204111984–85
Inter Milan Milan 2nd in Serie A1929–30911929–309117192020–21
Juventus Turin 4th in Serie A1929–30902007–081634362019–20
Lazio Rome 5th in Serie A1929–30801988–8935221999–00
Lecce Lecce Serie B winner 1985–86172022–23100–
AC Milan Milan Champion of Italy 1929–30891983–844016192021–22
Monza Monza Serie B play-off winners2022–2312022–23100–
Napoli Naples 3rd in Serie A1929–30772007–0816221989–90
Roma Rome 6th in Serie A1929–30901952–5371332000–01
Salernitana Salerno 17th in Serie A1947–4842021–22200–
Sampdoria Genoa 15th in Serie A1934–35742012–1311111990–91
Sassuolo Sassuolo 11th in Serie A2013–14102013–141000–
Spezia La Spezia 16th in Serie A2020–2132020–21300–
Torino Turin 10th in Serie A1929–30792012–1311571975–76
Udinese Udine 12th in Serie A1950–51501995–962800–

Maps

Seasons in Serie A

There are 68 teams that have taken part in 91 Serie A championships in a single round that was played from the 1929–30 season until the 2022–23 season. The teams in bold compete in Serie A currently. Inter Milan is the only team that has played Serie A football in every season.

Logos

Serie A had logos that featured its sponsor Telecom Italia (TIM). The logo that was introduced in 2010 had a minor change in 2016 due to the change of the logo of Telecom Italia itself. [33] [34] In August 2018, a new logo was announced, and another one in August 2019. [35]

Television rights

In the past, individual clubs competing in the league had the rights to sell their broadcast rights to specific channels throughout Italy, unlike in most other European countries. Currently, the two broadcasters in Italy are the satellite broadcaster Sky Italia and streaming platform DAZN for its own pay television networks; RAI is allowed to broadcast only highlights (in exclusive from 13:30 to 22:30 CET). This is a list of television rights in Italy (since 2021–22):

Since the 2010–11 season, Serie A clubs have negotiated television rights collectively rather than on an individual club basis, having previously abandoned collective negotiation at the end of the 1998–99 season. [36]

In the 1990s, Serie A was at its most popular in the United Kingdom when it was shown on Football Italia on Channel 4, although it has actually appeared on more UK channels than any other league, rarely staying in one place for long since 2002. Serie A has appeared in the UK on BSB's The Sports Channel (1990–91), Sky Sports (1991–1992), Channel 4 (1992–2002), Eurosport (2002–2004), Setanta Sports and Bravo (2004–2007), Channel 5 (2007–2008), ESPN (2009–2013), Eleven Sports Network (2018), Premier, FreeSports (2019–2021) and currently BT Sport (2013–2018; 2021–present). [37]

In the United States, Serie A is currently shown on CBS Sports and its streaming network Paramount+.

Champions

ClubWinnersRunners-upChampionship seasons
Juventus 3621 1905, 1925–26, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05 , [nb 1] 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
Inter Milan 1916 1909–10, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71, 1979–80, 1988–89, 2005–06, [nb 2] 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2020–21
AC Milan 1916 1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11, 2021–22
Genoa 94 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1914–15, 1922–23, 1923–24
Torino 78 1926–27 , [nb 3] 1927–28, 1942–43, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1975–76
Bologna 74 1924–25, 1928–29, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1963–64
Pro Vercelli 71 1908, 1909, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1921–22 (CCI)
Roma 314 1941–42, 1982–83, 2000–01
Napoli 28 1986–87, 1989–90
Lazio 26 1973–74, 1999–2000
Fiorentina 25 1955–56, 1968–69
Cagliari 11 1969–70
Casale 1— 1913–14
Novese 1— 1921–22 (FIGC)
Hellas Verona 1— 1984–85
Sampdoria 1— 1990–91

Bold indicates clubs which play in the 2022–23 Serie A.

By city

CityChampionshipsClubs
Turin 43 Juventus (36), Torino (7)
Milan 38 AC Milan (19), Inter Milan (19)
Genoa 10 Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Bologna 7 Bologna (7)
Vercelli 7 Pro Vercelli (7)
Rome 5 Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Florence 2 Fiorentina (2)
Naples 2 Napoli (2)
Cagliari 1 Cagliari (1)
Casale Monferrato 1 Casale (1)
Novi Ligure 1 Novese (1)
Verona 1 Verona (1)

By region

RegionChampionshipsClubs
Piedmont 52 Juventus (36), Torino (7), Pro Vercelli (7), Casale (1), Novese (1)
Lombardy 38 AC Milan (19), Inter Milan (19)
Liguria 10 Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Emilia-Romagna 7 Bologna (7)
Lazio 5 Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Campania 2 Napoli (2)
Tuscany 2 Fiorentina (2)
Sardinia 1 Cagliari (1)
Veneto 1 Verona (1)

Records

Boldface indicates a player still active in Serie A. Italics indicates a player active outside Serie A.

Most appearances

Gianluigi Buffon has made a record 657 appearances in Serie A Gianluigi Buffon (31784615942) (cropped).jpg
Gianluigi Buffon has made a record 657 appearances in Serie A
As of 22 May 2022
RankPlayerClub(s)Years activeAppsGoals
1 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluigi Buffon Parma, Juventus 1995–2006
2007–2018
2019–2021		6570
2 Flag of Italy.svg Paolo Maldini AC Milan 1984–200964729
3 Flag of Italy.svg Francesco Totti Roma 1992–2017619250
4 Flag of Argentina.svg Javier Zanetti Inter Milan 1995–201461512
5 Flag of Italy.svg Gianluca Pagliuca Sampdoria, Inter Milan, Bologna, Ascoli 1987–2005
2006–2007		5920
6 Flag of Italy.svg Dino Zoff Udinese, Mantova, Napoli, Juventus 1961–19835700
7 Flag of Italy.svg Pietro Vierchowod Como, Fiorentina, Roma, Sampdoria, Juventus, AC Milan, Piacenza 1980–200056238
8 Flag of Slovenia.svg Samir Handanović Treviso, Lazio, Udinese, Inter Milan 2004–2006
2007–		5520
9 Flag of Italy.svg Roberto Mancini Bologna, Sampdoria, Lazio 1981–2000541156
10 Flag of Italy.svg Silvio Piola Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara 1929–1943
1946–1947
1948–1954		537274

Most goals

Silvio Piola is the highest goalscorer in Serie A history with 274 goals Silvio Piola (Pro Vercelli).jpg
Silvio Piola is the highest goalscorer in Serie A history with 274 goals
As of 8 February 2020
RankPlayerClub(s)Years activeGoalsAppsRatio
1 Flag of Italy.svg Silvio Piola Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara 1929–1943
1946–1947
1948–1954		2745370.51
2 Flag of Italy.svg Francesco Totti Roma 1992–20172506190.4
3 Flag of Sweden.svg Gunnar Nordahl AC Milan, Roma 1949–19582252910.77
4 Flag of Italy.svg Giuseppe Meazza Inter Milan, AC Milan, Juventus 1929–1943
1946–1947		2163670.59
Flag of Brazil.svg Flag of Italy.svg José Altafini AC Milan, Napoli, Juventus 1958–19762164590.47
6 Flag of Italy.svg Antonio Di Natale Empoli, Udinese 2002–20162094450.47
7 Flag of Italy.svg Roberto Baggio Fiorentina, Juventus, AC Milan, Bologna, Inter Milan, Brescia 1985–20042054520.45
8 Flag of Sweden.svg Kurt Hamrin Juventus, Padova, Fiorentina, AC Milan, Napoli 1956–19711904000.48
9 Flag of Italy.svg Giuseppe Signori Foggia, Lazio, Sampdoria, Bologna 1991–20041883440.55
Flag of Italy.svg Alessandro Del Piero Juventus 1993–2006
2007–2012		1884780.39
Flag of Italy.svg Alberto Gilardino Piacenza, Hellas Verona, Parma, AC Milan, Fiorentina, Genoa, Bologna, Palermo 1999–20171885020.37

Players

Non-EU players

Unlike La Liga, which imposed a quota on the number of non-EU players on each club, Serie A clubs could sign as many non-EU players as available on domestic transfer.

During the 1980s and 1990s, most Serie A clubs signed a large number of players from foreign nations (both EU and non-EU members). Notable foreign players to play in Serie A during this era included Irish international Liam Brady, England internationals Paul Gascoigne and David Platt, France's Michel Platini and Laurent Blanc, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann from Germany, Dutchmen Ruud Gullit and Dennis Bergkamp, and Argentina's Diego Maradona.

But since the 2003–04 season, a quota has been imposed on each of the clubs limiting the number of non-EU, non-EFTA and non-Swiss players who may be signed from abroad each season, [38] following provisional measures [39] introduced in the 2002–03 season, which allowed Serie A and B clubs to sign only one non-EU player in the 2002 summer transfer window.

In the middle of the 2000–01 season, the old quota system was abolished, which no longer limited each team to having more than five non-EU players and using no more than three in each match. [39] [40] Concurrent with the abolishment of the quota, the FIGC had investigated footballers that used fake passports. Alberto and Warley, Alejandro Da Silva and Jorginho Paulista of Udinese; [41] Fábio Júnior and Gustavo Bartelt of Roma; [42] Dida of Milan; Álvaro Recoba of Inter; Thomas Job, Francis Zé, Jean Ondoa of Sampdoria; and Jeda and Dede of Vicenza were all banned in July 2001 for lengths ranging from six months to one year. [43] However, most of the bans were subsequently reduced.

The number of non-EU players was reduced from 265 in 2002–03 season to 166 in 2006–07 season. [44] It also included players who received EU status after their respective countries joined the EU (see 2004 and 2007 enlargement), which made players such as Adrian Mutu, Valeri Bojinov, Marek Jankulovski and Marius Stankevičius EU players.

The rule underwent minor changes in August 2004, [45] June 2005, [46] June 2006, [47] [48] and June 2007. [49]

Since the 2008–09 season, three quotas have been awarded to clubs that do not have non-EU players in their squad (previously only newly promoted clubs could have three quotas); clubs that have one non-EU player have two quotas. Those clubs that have two non-EU players, are awarded one quota and one conditional quota, which is awarded after: 1) Transferred 1 non-EU player abroad, or 2) Release 1 non-EU player as free agent, or 3) A non-EU player received EU nationality. Clubs with three or more non-EU players, have two conditional quotas, but releasing two non-EU players as free agent, will only have one quota instead of two. [50] Serie B and Lega Pro clubs cannot sign non-EU player from abroad, except those followed the club promoted from Serie D.

Large clubs with many foreigners usually borrow quotas from other clubs that have few foreigners or no foreigners in order to sign more non-EU players. For example, Adrian Mutu joined Juventus via Livorno in 2005, as at the time Romania was not a member of the EU. Other examples include Júlio César, Victor Obinna and Maxwell, who joined Inter from Chievo (first two) and Empoli respectively.

On 2 July 2010, the above conditional quota reduced back to one, though if a team did not have any non-EU players, that team could still sign up to three non-EU players. [51] [52] [53] In 2011 the signing quota reverted to two. [54]

Homegrown players

Serie A also imposed Homegrown players rule, a modification of Homegrown Player Rule (UEFA). Unlike UEFA, Serie A at first did not cap the number of players in first team squad at 25, meaning the club could employ more foreigners by increasing the size of the squad. [55] However, a cap of 25 (under-21 players were excluded) was introduced to 2015–16 season (in 2015–16 season, squad simply require 8 homegrown players but not require 4 of them from their own youth team). [56] In the 2016–17 season, the FIGC sanctioned Sassuolo for fielding ineligible player, Antonino Ragusa. [57] Although the club did not exceed the capacity of 21 players that were not from their own youth team (only Domenico Berardi was eligible as youth product of their own) as well as under 21 of age (born 1995 or after, of which four players were eligible) in their 24-men call-up, [58] It was reported that on Lega Serie A side the squad list was not updated. [59]

In 2015–16 season, the following quota was announced.

Size of first team squadLocal + club youth product
← 25min. 8 (max. 4 not from own youth team)

FIFA World Players of the Year

[60]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Luciano Canepari. "serie". DiPI Online (in Italian). Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  2. ↑ "TIM AND LEGA SERIE A RENEW SPONSORSHIP AGREEMENT UNTIL 2021". legaseriea.it. 26 July 2018.
  3. ↑ "The Big Five Leagues".
  4. ↑ "IFFHS World's Best National League in the World 2020". IFFHS . 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  5. ↑ "Member associations – Italy – Honours –". uefa.com.
  6. ↑ "Page 21: official statistical records recognized by FIGC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  7. ↑ "G-14's members". g14.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
  8. ↑ "European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". RSSSF.com. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  9. ↑ "Europe's club of the Century". International Federation of Football History & Statistics. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  10. ↑ "Juventus building bridges in Serie B". fifa.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
  11. ↑ Sixth most successful European club for confederation and FIFA competitions won with eleven titles. Sixth most successful club in Europe for confederation club competition titles won (11), cf. "Confermato: I più titolati al mondo!" (in Italian). A.C. Milan S.p.A. official website. 30 May 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  12. ↑ "Legend: UEFA club competitions". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 21 August 2006. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
    "1985: Juventus end European drought". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 8 December 1985. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
    "FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game" (PDF). FIFA Activity Report 2005. Zurich: Fédération Internationale de Football Association: 62. April 2004 – May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  13. ↑ "Milan top of the world!". Channel4.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  14. ↑ "Le squadre mai retrocesse in Europa". UEFA.com (in Italian). 18 May 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  15. ↑ "Inter join exclusive treble club". uefa.com. 22 May 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  16. ↑ "Le "7 sorelle" dell'Italcalcio tornano a spendere all'estero – IlGiornale.it". 3 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "Calcio al via, uno scudetto per sette sorelle – Avvenire.it". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  18. ↑ Serie A al via: le sette sorelle sono tornate Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "IL PUNTO DI CM.IT – Dalla 'paziente' Juventus al Napoli 'esaurito': come perdono le nostre big". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  20. ↑ "Calciomercato Serie A, le nuove formazioni delle 'sette sorelle'". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  21. ↑ "100 Greatest footballers ever - fourfourtwo.com". 24 July 2017.
  22. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ↑ "Serie A to form breakaway league – BBC Sport". BBC News. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  24. ↑ "Serie A clubs to set up their own league". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014.
  25. ↑ "Serie A set for breakaway". SkySports. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  26. ↑ "Italian league splits in two after meeting ends in stalemate". Guardian. London. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  27. ↑ "Serie A will start with VAR". Football Italia. 10 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  28. ↑ "Serie A selected by IFAB to test video replay". sportsnet.ca. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  29. ↑ "Rivoluzione in Serie A: il calendario sarà asimmetrico". Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 2 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  30. ↑ "Serie A introduce Scudetto tiebreaker: One match playoff to determine champion if teams tied at season's end". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  31. 1 2 "Goal difference or head to head? How every major football competition ranks teams level on points | Goal.com". www.goal.com. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  32. 1 2 Pursuant to the Federal Internal Organizational Rules of the Italian Football Federation (NOIF, art. 20, subsection 5), Unione Calcio Sampdoria inherits and continues the sporting tradition of its most valuable ancestor, A.C. Sampierdarenese, which spent 8 seasons in Serie A.
  33. ↑ "Serie A col nuovo logo. Il campionato 2016 al via il 21 agosto". Sky Sport (in Italian). Sky Italia. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  34. ↑ "New Serie A TIM Logo Revealed". forza27.com. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  35. ↑ "LA LEGA SERIE A RINNOVA I PROPRI LOGHI" (Press release) (in Italian). Lega Serie A. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  36. ↑ "Italian clubs cross fingers over TV ruling". FourFourTwo. fourfourtwo.com. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  37. ↑ "Serie A: Eleven Sports gain TV rights from BT in three-year deal". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  38. ↑ "Italy blocks non-EU players". UEFA.com. 5 March 2003. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  39. 1 2 "Italians bar non-EU imports". UEFA.com. 17 July 2002. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  40. ↑ "Milan challenge non-EU rule". BBC Sport. 3 November 2000. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  41. ↑ "Fake passport scandal hits Serie A". BBC News. 8 October 2000. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  42. ↑ "Lazio hit with passport charges". BBC News. 8 May 2001. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  43. ↑ Kennedy, Frances (28 June 2001). "Players banned over false passport scandal". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  44. ↑ "COMUNICATO STAMPA: CONSIGLIO FEDERALE" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 21 June 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  45. ↑ "Comunicato n° 090 del 25 agosto 2004" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 25 August 2004. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  46. ↑ "Comunicato n° 225 del 13 giugno 2005" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 13 June 2005. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  47. ↑ "Comunicato n° 7 dell' 8 giugno 2006" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 8 June 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  48. ↑ "Comunicato n° 8 dell' 8 giugno 2006" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 8 June 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  49. ↑ "Comunicato n° 023/A del 21 giugno 2007" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 21 June 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  50. ↑ "Comunicato n° 003/A del 3 luglio 2008/" (PDF) (in Italian). FIGC. 3 July 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  51. ↑ "Coumunicato Stampa" [Press Release](PDF). The Federal Council (in Italian). FIGC. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  52. ↑ "Su extracomunitari, vivai, Club Italia e Settori le prime misure della FIGC". FIGC (in Italian). 2 July 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  53. ↑ "C.U. N°6/A (2010–11)" (PDF). FIGC (in Italian). 5 July 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  54. ↑ "C.U. N°6/A (2011–12): Tesseramento extracomunitari" (PDF). The Federal Council (in Italian). FIGC. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  55. ↑ "Incentivazione e promozione calciatori locali di Serie A" (PDF). Segreteria Federale. Comunicato Ufficiale (in Italian). Italian Football Federation. 2011–12 (7/A). 5 July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
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  57. ↑ "C.U. N°24 (2016–17)" (PDF) (in Italian). Lega Serie A. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  58. ↑ "SASSUOLO-PESCARA: sono 24 i convocati neroverdi" (in Italian). U.S. Sassuolo Calcio. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
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  1. ↑ In the 1990s, when the term originated, Parma was seen as one of the Seven Sisters and Napoli was not included.
  2. ↑ Ronaldo was signed by Inter Milan from Barcelona midway through 1997. He was signed by Real Madrid from Inter Milan midway through 2002.
  3. ↑ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006.
  1. ↑ Title was revoked and left unassigned through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
  2. ↑ Title was put sub judice, then assigned to Inter Milan, through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
  3. ↑ Title was revoked and left unassigned due to the Allemandi match fixing scandal.
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