Stars and planetary systems in fiction

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Time Quarry, a Clifford D. Simak novel serialised in Galaxy Science Fiction Novels Time Quarry 5Simak novel) - Galaxy Science Fiction Novels .jpg
Time Quarry , a Clifford D. Simak novel serialised in Galaxy Science Fiction Novels

The planetary systems of stars other than the Sun and the Solar System are a staple element in many works of the science fiction genre.

Contents

Overview

The notion that there might be inhabited extrasolar planets can be traced at least as far back as Giordano Bruno who, in his De l'infinito, universo e mondi (On the Infinite, Universe and Worlds, 1584), declared that "There are then innumerable suns, and an infinite number of earths revolve around those suns, [These worlds are inhabited] if not exactly as our own, and if not more nobly, at least no less inhabited and no less nobly." [1] Allusions to inhabitants of other stars' planetary systems remained rare in literature for some centuries thereafter. One of these is found in Voltaire's Micromégas (1752), which features a traveller from Sirius. [2]

As science fiction became established in the early 20th century, destinations such as the Moon, Mars, Venus, and other bodies within the Solar System began to seem stale. [3] Authors invoked a variety of mechanisms for superluminal travel (or generation starships) and placed their stories on worlds in planetary systems around other stars, an innovation that gave them the freedom to construct exotic fictional planets and themes. This tendency became predominant once the exploration of the Solar System was complete enough to conclusively demonstrate the unlikelihood of any highly developed form of extraterrestrial life here, aside from humans on Earth.

Although most of the stars named in works of science fiction are purely imaginary, many authors and artists have preferred to use the names of real stars that are well known to astronomers, and indeed the lay public, either because they are notably bright in the sky, because they are relatively close to Earth, or because they have been mentioned in the media in relation to the exoplanets orbiting them being found to be strange or similar to Earth.

Planetary romances

The multiple fictional genres that appear in the list below include films, television serials, interactive games, and print (among others). Of all these, the print medium, specifically novels and novellas, are of note because they are often planetary romances.

Any science fiction tale whose primary venue is a planet and whose plot turns on the nature of the planet can be described as a planetary romance. It is not enough that the story simply be set on a world. For example, James Blish's A Case of Conscience (1958) is set on the planet Lithia, but it is not a planetary romance because the nature or description of this world has little bearing on the story being told. And in the hard science fiction novels by Hal Clement (see 61 Cygni: A Mission of Gravity below) and Robert L. Forward (see Barnard's Star: Rocheworld below), the worlds on which they are set amount to little more than the sum of the physical and logical problems that they illustrate, and that their protagonists solve. In the true planetary romance, the world itself encompasses—and survives—the tale that temporarily illuminates it. [4]

One early practitioner of the planetary romance was Edgar Rice Burroughs, as for example in his Barsoom (Mars) series (1912–1943). However, as with most writers of his era, his settings did not extend beyond the Solar System, and so his work is not found in this article. [5]

General uses of star names

List of planetary systems in fiction

Planetary systems (mostly hypothetical or imaginary) of real stars appearing in fiction are:

36 Ophiuchi

40 (ο2) Eridani (Keid)

Comparison of the habitable zone of 40 Eridani with the habitable zone in the Solar System Vulcan hz-590.jpg
Comparison of the habitable zone of 40 Eridani with the habitable zone in the Solar System

47 Ursae Majoris (Chalawan) [20]

58 Eridani

61 Cygni

61 Ursae Majoris

61 Virginis

70 Ophiuchi

82 Eridani

In 2011 three Super-Earths were confirmed in orbit around 82 Eridani (HD20794). [28]

94 Aquarii

107 Piscium

Acamar (θ Eridani)

Achernar (Alpha Eridani)

Alcor (80 Ursae Majoris)

Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri)

Algenubi (Epsilon Leonis)

Algol (Beta Persei)

As an eclipsing binary, Algol ("the Ghoul") pulsates in a cycle lasting about 70 hours, which has given it its evil reputation as a "demon star" Eclipsing binary star animation 2.gif
As an eclipsing binary, Algol ("the Ghoul") pulsates in a cycle lasting about 70 hours, which has given it its evil reputation as a "demon star"

Alhena (Gamma Geminorum)

Alioth (Epsilon Ursae Majoris)

Alkalurops (Mu Boötis)

Alnilam (Epsilon Orionis)

Alnitak (Zeta Orionis)

Alpha Andromedae (Alpheratz)

Alpha Arietis (Hamal)

Alpha Centauri (Rigil Kentaurus/Toliman)

Artist's impression of the now disproven planet Alpha Centauri Bb. Artist's impression of a planet around Alpha Centauri B (symbolic, annotated).jpg
Artist's impression of the now disproven planet Alpha Centauri Bb.

Alpha Ceti (Menkar or Menkab)

Alpha Coronae Borealis (Alphecca/Alphekka)

Alpha Draconis (Thuban)

Alpha Gruis (Alnair)

Alpha Hydri

Alpha Mensae

Alpha Pavonis (Peacock)

Alpha Piscium

Alpha Phoenicis (Ankaa)

Alpha Trianguli (Mothallah)

Alpha Tucanae

Altair (Alpha Aquilae)

Antares (Alpha Scorpii)

Comparison between the red supergiant Antares and the Sun, shown as the tiny dot toward the upper right. The black circle is the size of the orbit of Mars. Arcturus is also included in the picture for size comparison. Redgiants.svg
Comparison between the red supergiant Antares and the Sun, shown as the tiny dot toward the upper right. The black circle is the size of the orbit of Mars. Arcturus is also included in the picture for size comparison.

Arcturus (Alpha Boötis)

Atlas (27 Tauri)

BD+48 740

Barnard's Star

An artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf star RedDwarfPlanet.jpg
An artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf star

Barnard's Star is a red dwarf of apparent magnitude 9 and is thus too dim to be seen with the unaided eye. However, at approximately 6 light-years away it is the second-closest stellar system to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system is known to be closer. Intense stellar flares were observed in 1998 and 2019, so in reality habitation may be difficult.

Beta Aquarii (Sadalsuud)

Beta Aquilae (Alshain)

Beta Aurigae (Menkalinan)

Beta Caeli

Beta Canum Venaticorum (Chara)

Beta Corvi (Kraz)

Beta Crucis (Mimosa)

The 1968 science fiction novel Satan's World, by Poul Anderson, deals with the consequences of a rogue planet encountering Beta Crucis. The 2002 science fiction novel Schild's Ladder, by Greg Egan in its prologue depicts the huge scientific lab located in outer space in 6 light months from Mimosa.

Beta Draconis (Rastaban)

Beta Eridani (Cursa)

Beta Fornacis

Beta Hydri

Beta Leporis (Nihal)

Beta Librae (Zubeneschamali)

Beta Pavonis

Beta Phoenicis

Beta Pyxidis

Beta Tauri (El Nath)

Beta Ursae Majoris (Merak)

Beta Virginis (Zavijava)

Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)

Canopus (Alpha Carinae)

Artist's conception of Arrakis, the third planet of Canopus in Frank Herbert's Dune universe. The sandstorm in the north equatorial region extends about 3000 km along its longest dimension. Arrakis Canopus III.jpg
Artist's conception of Arrakis, the third planet of Canopus in Frank Herbert's Dune universe. The sandstorm in the north equatorial region extends about 3000 km along its longest dimension.

Capella (Alpha Aurigae)

Caph (Beta Cassiopeiae)

Chi Draconis

Cygnus OB2-12

The Seer and the Silverman, a short story in the Xeelee Sequence by Stephen Baxter, is set in the Reef, a collection of abandoned spaceships near OB2#12.

CY Aquarii

Delta Boötis (Princeps)

Delta Cephei

Delta Crateris

Delta Draconis (Altais)

Delta Eridani

Delta1 Gruis

Delta Pavonis

Delta Phoenicis

Delta Sagittarii (Kaus Media)

Delta Trianguli

Deneb (Alpha Cygni)

Map of the Denebian Aar, from the 1943 Captain Future story "Star of Dread". Aar, world of Deneb (Captain Future) (map).jpg
Map of the Denebian Aar, from the 1943 Captain Future story "Star of Dread".

Dorsum (Theta Capricorni)

Ensis (Eta Orionis)

Epsilon Canis Majoris

This star appears as a physical character in the 2007 animated film, Nocturna, as the main character Tim's favourite star. [122]

Epsilon Eridani (Ran)

Epsilon Eridani b.jpg

Epsilon Gruis

Epsilon Indi

Artist's conception of the Epsilon Indi system showing Epsilon Indi and its brown-dwarf binary companions Artist's Conception of Epsilon Indi System (labelled).jpg
Artist's conception of the Epsilon Indi system showing Epsilon Indi and its brown-dwarf binary companions

Epsilon Ophiuchi

Epsilon Pegasi (Enif)

Epsilon Scorpii (Larawag) [20]

Epsilon Tauri

Eta Boötis (Mufrid)

Eta Cassiopeiae (Achird)

Eta Pegasi (Matar)

Eta Ursae Majoris (Alkaid)

Fomalhaut (Alpha Piscis Austrini)

Artist's impression of the now disproven Fomalhaut b and a debris disk Fomalhaut planet.jpg
Artist's impression of the now disproven Fomalhaut b and a debris disk

Gamma Andromedae (Almach)

Gamma Cassiopeiae

Gamma Crateris

Gamma Draconis (Etamin / Eltanin)

Gamma Hydrae

Gamma Leporis

Gamma Orionis (Bellatrix)

Gamma Serpentis

Gamma Trianguli

Gamma Ursae Minoris (Pherkad)

GK Persei (Nova Persei 1901)

Gliese 581 (GJ 581, Wolf 562)

Gliese 687 (GJ 687)

Gliese 710

Gliese 754

Gliese 876 (Ross 780)

An artist's conception of the giant extrasolar planet Gliese 876 b, including two candidate moons for terraforming Artist's concept of Gliese 876 b.jpg
An artist's conception of the giant extrasolar planet Gliese 876 b, including two candidate moons for terraforming
An artist's conception of the innermost (possibly terrestrial) planet of Ross 780 depicting it as a hot, volcanically active world illuminated by red light from the star Artist's view of an exoplanet inspired by the discovery of Gliese 876 d.jpg
An artist's conception of the innermost (possibly terrestrial) planet of Ross 780 depicting it as a hot, volcanically active world illuminated by red light from the star

Gliese 1061 (LHS 1565)

Gliese 3707 (LHS 2520)

Groombridge 34

Groombridge 1618

HD 102365

HD 182681

HD 69830

HIP 56948

Iota Antliae

Iota Boötis

In Star Trek: Enterprise, this system is the home of Denobulans.

Iota Geminorum

In Star Trek canon, the fourth planet orbiting Iota Geminorum is the homeworld of the Tribbles.

Iota Horologii (Gliese 108)

Iota Orionis

Iota Persei

Izar (Epsilon Boötis)

Kappa Coronae Borealis

In Star Trek: The Next Generation (episode "Firstborn") and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (episode "The Forsaken"), according to Star Trek: Star Charts, on the star chart labeled United Federation of Planets I, the Dopterians (an unscrupulous humanoid species found throughout the Alpha Quadrant) were from the Dopteria (Kappa Coronae Borealis) system. This system was located in the Alpha Quadrant.

Kapteyn's Star

Kepler-22

Kepler-452

KOI-4878.01

Kruger 60 (DO Cephei)

Lacaille 9352

Lalande 21185 (Gliese 411)

Lalande 21185 is a red dwarf of apparent magnitude 7 and is thus too dim to be seen with the unaided eye. However, at approximately 8.3 light-years away it is the fifth-closest stellar system to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system, Barnard's Star, Luhman 16 and Wolf 359 are known to be closer. thus the star has attracted the attention of science fiction authors and game developers. A number of claims have been made for the discovery by astrometry of one or more extrasolar planets in the Lalande 21185 system, but these are now in doubt.

Lalande 46650

Lambda Scorpii (Shaula)

Lambda Serpentis

Luyten's Star

Maia (20 Tauri)

Markab / Markeb (Kappa Velorum/Alpha Pegasi)

Mintaka (Delta Orionis)

Mira (Omicron Ceti)

An artist's impression of a protoplanetary disc, such as that orbiting the white dwarf Mira B. Credit: ESO/L Calcada Artist's Impression of a Baby Star Still Surrounded by a Protoplanetary Disc.jpg
An artist's impression of a protoplanetary disc, such as that orbiting the white dwarf Mira B. Credit: ESO/L Calçada

Mira is a binary star system that consists of a red giant (Mira A) losing mass to its partner, the high temperature white dwarf companion (Mira B) steadily accreting substance from the primary. Mira A, a variable star, would actually be a poor candidate for the home sun of any of the "habitable" planets described below, since its brightness fluctuates over the long run by a total factor of around 1700, with each individual cycle lasting about 300 days. In 2007, observations showed a protoplanetary disc around the companion, Mira B. This disc is being accreted from material in the solar wind from Mira and could eventually form new planets.

Mirach (Beta Andromedae)

Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris)

Mu Capricorni

According to Star Trek: Star Charts, in Star Trek: The Motion Picture , Zaran (Mu Capricorni) was the name of a star in the Alpha Quadrant and it was the home of the Zaranites (a humanoid species known to the Federation during the mid-23rd century). The primary was a Class F star. Magnitude of this star was +5, which was the same brightness as Sol. This was a Federation system, with at least one planet being an affiliate.

Mu Cassiopeiae

Mu Herculis

Nu Ophiuchi

Nu Pegasi

Omicron Persei (Atik)

p Eridani (Gliese 66)

Phecda (Gamma Ursae Majoris)

The constellation Ophiuchus drawn by Johannes Kepler. ph Oph is the topmost of 3 stars in Asclepius' left calf. Kepler Drawing of SN 1604.png
The constellation Ophiuchus drawn by Johannes Kepler. φ Oph is the topmost of 3 stars in Asclepius' left calf.

Phi Ophiuchi (8 Ophiuchi)

Phi Orionis (φ1 or φ2)

Pi Canis Majoris

Pistol Star (V4647 Sgr)

Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)

Polaris is a multiple star system. The graphic shows the supergiant Polaris A, accompanied by the white dwarf star Polaris Ab, and distant companion Polaris B. Polaris system.jpg
Polaris is a multiple star system. The graphic shows the supergiant Polaris A, accompanied by the white dwarf star Polaris Ab, and distant companion Polaris B.

Pollux (Beta Geminorum)

Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris)

Proxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C)

Proxima Centauri, part of a triple star system with Alpha Centauri A and B, is the nearest-known star to the Solar System. Even though habitation may be difficult because it is a flare star, a disproportionate number of early fiction titles are dedicated to Proxima Centauri, as the destination of humanity's first interstellar voyage. A planet in Proxima Centauri's habitable zone was detected in Aug 2016, and a ringed super-earth in 2019, far further away.

This artist's conception illustrates a rogue planet alone in the dark of space, floating freely without a parent star, like the orphan world Medusa Alone in Space - Astronomers Find New Kind of Planet.jpg
This artist's conception illustrates a rogue planet alone in the dark of space, floating freely without a parent star, like the orphan world Medusa

Psi Cassiopeiae

Regulus (Alpha Leonis)

Rigel (Beta Orionis)

An artist's conception of multiple planets in orbit around a red dwarf star Planets Under a Red Sun.jpg
An artist's conception of multiple planets in orbit around a red dwarf star

Ross catalog of stars

The Ross stars in this list (but not all stars in the Ross catalog) are red dwarfs, and they are among the closest stars to the Solar System. They were catalogued beginning in 1926 by the American astronomer Frank Elmore Ross, and some of them are still widely known by the catalog number he gave them (for one that is not, see Gliese 876). The stars listed below, despite their faint magnitudes (all numerically greater than 10), have attracted the attention of authors and game developers interested in fiction depicting the earliest stages of humanity's expansion into the galaxy.

Ross 128 (FI Virginis)

Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)

Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)

Rukbat (Alpha Sagittarii)

Sheliak (Beta Lyrae)

Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing binary system (see animation) in which mass is being transferred from the brighter primary to the more massive secondary star in a presumably spectacular accretion disc. Because of this, it has inspired the imaginations of artists and authors alike across the years; Chesley Bonestell (1964), for example, painted a famously evocative, influential (and imaginative) canvas depicting Beta Lyrae as it traces a vast fiery spiral across the black sky of some jagged airless world. [198] [199]

Sigma Draconis (Alsafi)

Sigma Sculptoris

Referenced in the fictional short story "Three-legged Joe" by author Jack Vance as being orbited by 14 planets, the outermost of which was named Odfars and inhabited by a single alien for which the story is named.[ citation needed ]

Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris)

Spica (Alpha Virginis)

T Coronae Borealis

Tau Ceti

Tau Coronae Borealis

In Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (episodes "The Nagus", "Prophet Motive" and "Profit and Lace"), according to the Star Trek: Star Charts, on the star chart United Federation of Planets I, the Hupyrians (a humanoid species native to either the Alpha or Beta Quadrant) were from the Hupyria (Tau Coronae Borealis) system. Both the primary and the secondary were K-type stars. This system was located in the Alpha Quadrant.

Tau Cygni

Theta Centauri (Menkent)

Theta Hydrae

Theta Pegasi (Biham)

Theta Serpentis

Theta Ursae Majoris

TRAPPIST-1

Unukalhai (Alpha Serpentis)

UV Ceti (Luyten 726–8)

Luyten 726–8 is a binary star system: The component Luyten 726-8A is a red dwarf star with the variable designation BL Ceti, and Luyten 726-8B is a red dwarf with the alternate designation UV Ceti. The latter is the prototype for the class of flare stars, and it goes through fairly extreme changes of brightness: For instance, in 1952, its brightness increased by 75 times in only 20 seconds. None of the items below pretend that UV Ceti is orbited by habitable worlds.

Van Maanen's Star (Gliese 35)

Vega (Alpha Lyrae)

Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)

Artist's conception of a red dwarf star RedDwarfNASA-hue-shifted.jpg
Artist's conception of a red dwarf star

Wolf 359 is a red dwarf of apparent magnitude 13.5 and thus can only be seen with a large telescope. However, at approximately 7.8 light-years away it is the seventh-closest stellar system to the Sun; only the brown dwarfs WISE 0855−0714 and Luhman 16, as well as Barnard's Star and the three components of the Alpha Centauri system are known to be closer. It is a flare star, so in reality habitation may be difficult.

Xi Puppis

Zeta Aquilae (Okab)

Zeta Ceti (Baten Kaitos)

Zeta Doradus

Zeta Draconis (Aldhibah) [20]

Zeta Ophiuchi

Zeta Persei (Menkib)

Zeta Piscium

Zeta Reticuli

Zeta Tucanae

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Shakespeare mistakenly applied sixteenth-century astronomy to the era of Julius Caesar. In Roman times the north celestial pole was about equally distant from α Ursae Minoris (Polaris) and β Ursae Minoris (Kochab). Before this, during the 1st millennium BC, β Ursae Minoris was the bright star closest to the celestial pole, but it was never close enough to be taken as marking the pole, and the Greek navigator Pytheas in c. 320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars.
  2. On pages 47 and 70 Pournelle refers to the star as 81 Eridani, an apparent editorial error. In spite of majority rule, it is probable that he really meant the once-mentioned 82 Eridani, a well-known star 20 ly from the Earth, with an apparent magnitude of 4+, rather than its Gould catalog predecessor 81 Eridani, a nondescript star about which little is known.
  3. In actuality, as stated in the planetary system section of the Alpha Centauri article, established planet-hunting teams have failed to detect any gas giant exoplanets in the Alpha Centauri system, at least until a candidate Neptune-sized planet was possibly directly imaged in 2021.
  4. In the 1968 film version (having the same name as the novel, Planet of the Apes ), Commander George Taylor (Charlton Heston) states, "We're some 320 light years from Earth on an unnamed planet in orbit around a star in the constellation of Orion." In the novel Planet of the Apes that star is Betelgeuse. The distance declared by Heston in the film accords well with the value stated for Betelgeuse early in the novel—"about three hundred light years distant from our planet" (notwithstanding that the current best value for the distance to Betelgeuse is at least 500 ly from the Earth [95] ). It is also true that no other major star in Orion is anywhere near 320 light years away. In spite of this narrowing of the field of candidates, circumstantial evidence weighs against the film's destination sun being identified as Betelgeuse: rather than looming crimson in the sky as a red supergiant, it appears indistinguishable from the Sun of our own planet—which it actually turns out to be.
  5. To calculate: 1 ly = c ·1 yr = c ·52 wk, where c is the speed of light in vacuum. The speed of the Tours (cranking Mike 400) as it makes the run of "forty-six (46) light-years in under six (6) weeks" is: Mike 400 = distance/time = 46(c ·52 wk)/(6 wk) = 398.7+c, so that Mike 1 = (398.7+c)/400 = 0.997+c  c. Mike 1 is the speed of light. Note that the current best estimate of the distance to Capella is 42.2 ± 0.5 ly.
  6. Grendel is the name of the beast-monster slain by the hero Beowulf in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem of the same name.
  7. While terrestrial genetic matter and proteins are levorotary, those of Dextra are dextrorotary. The question of nutrition was posed by Lewis Carroll's Alice, in a discussion with her cat on the prospect of stepping through the looking glass, "How would you like to live in Looking-glass House, Kitty? I wonder if they'd give you milk in there? Perhaps Looking-glass milk isn't good to drink...". [112] It isn't, although looking-glass oranges would smell like lemons, and vice versa. [113]
  8. Rann was originally located in the Alpha Centauri system until it was fictionally transposed to the Polaris system. It eventually found a home in the Vega system (see Vega: Omega Men ).
  9. Bester wrote this book in 1956. The modern-day values of Rigel's distance from the Earth and its luminosity are 860 ± 80 ly (not 540 ly) and 85,000 times that of the Sun (not 10,000). [192] [193]

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