Strugo-Krasnensky District

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Strugo-Krasnensky District
Струго-Красненский район(Russian)
Location of Strugokrasnensky District (Pskov Oblast).svg
Location of Strugo-Krasnensky District in Pskov Oblast
Coordinates: 58°16′N29°06′E / 58.267°N 29.100°E / 58.267; 29.100 Coordinates: 58°16′N29°06′E / 58.267°N 29.100°E / 58.267; 29.100
Tvorozhkovskii monastyr'.jpg
Tvorozhkovsky Holy Trinity Monastery, Strugo-Kransnensky District
Coat of Arms of Strugokrasnensky rayon (Pskov oblast).png
Coat of arms
Location
Country Russia
Federal subject Pskov Oblast [1]
Administrative structure (as of December 2014)
Administrative center work settlement of  Strugi Krasnye [2]
Inhabited localities: [2]
Urban-type settlements [3] 1
Rural localities 174
Municipal structure (as of December 2014)
Municipally incorporated asStrugo-Krasnensky Municipal District [2]
Municipal divisions: [2]
Urban settlements1
Rural settlements5
Statistics
Area 3,090.1 km2 (1,193.1 sq mi) [4]
Population (2010 Census) 13,466 inhabitants [5]
 Urban62.7%
 Rural37.3%
Density 4.36/km2 (11.3/sq mi) [6]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00) [7]
Official website
Strugo-Krasnensky District on WikiCommons

Strugo-Krasnensky District (Russian : Струго-Красненский район) is an administrative [1] and municipal [2] district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Plyussky District in the north, Shimsky and Soletsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast in the east, Porkhovsky District in the south, Pskovsky District in the west, and with Gdovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 3,090.1 square kilometers (1,193.1 sq mi). [4] Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Strugi Krasnye. [2] Population: 13,466(2010 Census); [5] 16,579 (2002 Census); [8] 16,293(1989 Census). [9] The population of Strugi Krasnye accounts for 62.7% of the district's total population. [5]

Russian language East Slavic language

Russian is an East Slavic language, which is official in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It was the de facto language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 25 December 1991. Although, nowadays, nearly three decades after the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russian is used in official capacity or in public life in all the post-Soviet nation-states, as well as in Israel and Mongolia, the rise of state-specific varieties of this language tends to be strongly denied in Russia, in line with the Russian World ideology.

A raion is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states. The term is from the French "rayon", which is both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district".

Administratively, Pskov Oblast is divided into two cities and towns of oblast significance and twenty-four districts.

Contents

Geography

The district is located on the divide between the basins of the Narva and Neva Rivers. The southeastern part of the district lies in the basin of the Sitnya River, a left tributary of the Shelon in the basin of the Neva. The rivers in the north of the district drain into the Plyussa River, a major left tributary of the Narva. The northwest of the district belongs to the basin of the Zhelcha, a tributary of Lake Peipus. The Zhelcha itself has its source in Strugo-Krasnensky District. Finally, the southwestern part of the district belongs to the basin of the Pskova, a right tributary of the Velikaya River, also in the basin of Lake Peipus. The Pskova originates from within the district.

Drainage basin Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet

A drainage basin is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. The drainage basin includes all the surface water from rain runoff, snowmelt, and nearby streams that run downslope towards the shared outlet, as well as the groundwater underneath the earth's surface. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at lower elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins, which in turn drain into another common outlet.

Narva River river between Estonia and Russia

The Narva or Narova is a river flowing into the Baltic Sea, the largest river in Estonia by discharge. Draining Lake Peipsi, the river forms the border of Estonia and Russia and flows through the towns of Narva/Ivangorod and Narva-Jõesuu into Narva Bay. Though the river is only 77 kilometres (48 mi) long, in terms of volume discharged it is the second largest river flowing into the Gulf of Finland. The river gives its name to the Narva culture and the city of Narva.

Neva River river in Russia connecting Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea

The Neva is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. Despite its modest length of 74 kilometres (46 mi), it is the fourth largest river in Europe in terms of average discharge.

Lakes in the district include Lake Shchirskoye and Lake Chyornoye. Both are located in the north of the district in the basin of the Plyussa.

The landscape of the district is mostly flat and covered by pine-tree forests. [10]

History

Until the 15th century, the area was a part of the Novgorod Republic. After the fall of the republic it was, together will all of the Novgorod lands, annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It belonged to Shelonskaya Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas into which Novgorod lands were divided. The villages of Strugi and Belaya were mentioned in chronicles in 1498. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate). The current territory of the district was split between Gdovsky Uyezd (west) and Luzhsky Uyezd (east). Between 1851 and 1862, the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Warsaw via Pskov was built and crossed Luzhsky Uyezd. This facilitated economic development of the eastern part of the current territory of the district. A station was built close to the village of Belaya in 1856. As it is a common name, to avoid duplication, in 1905 the station was renamed Strugi-Belye, incorporating the name of the village of Strugi. [11]

Novgorod Republic former country

The Novgorod Republic or Novgorodian Rus' was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia. Citizens referred to their city-state as "His Majesty Lord Novgorod the Great", or more often as "Lord Novgorod the Great". The Republic prospered as the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League and its Slavic, Baltic and Finnic people were much influenced by the culture of the Viking-Varangians and Byzantine people.

Grand Duchy of Moscow country which existed in 1283–1547

The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow was a Rus' principality of the Late Middle Ages centered around Moscow, and the predecessor state of the Tsardom of Russia in the early modern period.

Pyatina

Pyatina was a first-level unit of administrative division of Novgorod Land. The name pyatina originates from the word Russian: пять, which means "five". Novgorod Land was subdivided into five pyatinas. The division was first mentioned in the end of the 15th century and was in use after Novgorod was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It is unclear whether the division existed in the Novgorod Republic. The division into pyatinas was abolished in the 18th century, after the governorates were established.

In 1919, Strugi Belye was an arena of important events of the Russian Civil War. Originally, the territory east of Lake Peipus was under control of the revolutionary government. On October 4, 1919, the White Army troops of Nikolai Yudenich captured the station of Strugi Belye during an advance. In November 1919, the Red Army recaptured it. [12] Subsequently, to avoid connotations with the White Army, the station was renamed Strugi Krasnye (with krasny meaning red in Russian).

Russian Civil War multi-party war in the former Russian Empire, November 1917-October 1922

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favoring political monarchism, economic capitalism and alternative forms of socialism, each with democratic and antidemocratic variants. In addition, rival militant socialists and nonideological Green armies fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites. Eight foreign nations intervened against the Red Army, notably the former Allied military forces from the World War and the pro-German armies. The Red Army eventually defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak to the east in Siberia in 1919. The remains of the White forces commanded by Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel were beaten in Crimea and evacuated in late 1920. Lesser battles of the war continued on the periphery for two more years, and minor skirmishes with the remnants of the White forces in the Far East continued well into 1923. The war ended in 1923 in the sense that Bolshevik communist control of the newly formed Soviet Union was now assured, although armed national resistance in Central Asia was not completely crushed until 1934. There were an estimated 7,000,000–12,000,000 casualties during the war, mostly civilians. The Russian Civil War has been described by some as the greatest national catastrophe that Europe had yet seen.

Nikolai Yudenich Russian general

Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich was a commander of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was a leader of the anti-communist White movement in Northwestern Russia during the Civil War.

Red Army 1917–1946 ground and air warfare branch of the Soviet Unions military

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, frequently shortened to Red Army was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution. The Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. Beginning in February 1946, the Red Army, along with the Soviet Navy, embodied the main component of the Soviet Armed Forces; taking the official name of "Soviet Army", until its dissolution in December 1991.

On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Strugo-Krasnensky District was established, with the administrative center in the settlement of Strugi Krasnye. It included parts of former Luzhsky and Gdovsky Uyezds. The governorates were abolished as well and the district became a part of Luga Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 1, 1932, Plyussky and Novoselsky Districts were abolished and Strugo-Krasnensky District was expanded with parts of their territories. On February 15, 1935, both districts were re-established. Between March 22, 1935 and September 19, 1940, Strugo-Krasnensky District was a part of Pskov Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. Between August 1941 and February 1944, Strugo-Krasnensky District was occupied by German troops. On August 23, 1944, Strugo-Krasnensky District was transferred to newly established Pskov Oblast. [13]

On August 1, 1927, Novoselsky District was established as well, with the administrative center in the selo of Novoselye. It included parts of former Gdovsky and Luzhsky Uyezds. The district was a part of Luga Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On January 1, 1932, the district was abolished and merged into Strugo-Krasnensky District. On February 15, 1935, Novoselsky District was re-established. Between August 1941 and February 1944, Novoselsky District was occupied by German troops. On August 23, 1944, the district was transferred to Pskov Oblast. [14] On October 3, 1959, Novoselsky District was abolished and merged into Strugo-Krasnensky District. [15]

In April 1946, Pavsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Pavy was established. It included areas formerly belonging to Strugo-Krasnensky and Porkhovsky Districts. In October 1959, Pavsky District was abolished and split between Strugo-Krasnensky and Porkhovsky Districts. [16]

Economy

A grocery store in the village of Ludoni Grocery Store in Ludoni.jpg
A grocery store in the village of Ludoni

Industry

The industry of the district is based on timber production. [17]

Agriculture

The main agricultural specializations in the district are cattle breeding (with milk and meat production) and crops and potato growing. [18]

Transportation

A railway connecting St. Petersburg and Pskov crosses the district from northeast to southwest. Strugi Krasnye is the principal railway station within the district.

The M20 highway which connects St. Petersburg and Pskov crosses the district as well. Strugi Krasnye is connected by the road with the highway. There are also local roads.

Culture and recreation

The district contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally forty-one objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. [19] Both federal monuments are archeological sites.

Strugi Krasnye hosts Strugo-Krasnensky District Museum, the only museum in the district. The museum, which was opened in 1991, hosts collections of local interest. [20]

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Loknyansky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

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Nevelsky District, Pskov Oblast District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

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Novorzhevsky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

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Palkinsky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

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Plyussky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

Plyussky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Slantsevsky District of Leningrad Oblast in the north, Luzhsky District of Leningrad Oblast in the northeast, Shimsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the east, Strugo-Krasnensky District in the south, and with Gdovsky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,767 square kilometers (1,068 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality of Plyussa. Population: 9,187 (2010 Census); 11,610 ; 13,988 (1989 Census). The population of Plyussa accounts for 37.6% of the district's total population.

Porkhovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central and northeastern parts of the oblast and borders with Strugo-Krasnensky District in the north, Soletsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the northeast, Dnovsky District in the east, Dedovichsky District in the southeast, Novorzhevsky District in the south, Ostrovsky District in the southwest, and with Pskovsky District in the west. The area of the district is 3,190 square kilometers (1,230 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Porkhov. Population: 21,568 (2010 Census); 28,470 ; 35,015 (1989 Census). The population of Porkhov accounts for 49.2% of the district's total population.

Pskovsky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

Pskovsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast and borders with Gdovsky District in the north, Strugo-Krasnensky District in the northeast, Porkhovsky District in the east, Ostrovsky District in the south, and with Palkinsky and Pechorsky Districts in the southwest. Lake Peipus forms the border with Estonia in the west. The area of the district is 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. Population: 34,323 (2010 Census); 37,216 ; 37,557 (1989 Census).

Pustoshkinsky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

Pustoshkinsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast and borders with Bezhanitsky District in the north, Novosokolnichesky District in the east, Nevelsky District in the south, Sebezhsky District in the west, and with Opochetsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 1,870 square kilometers (720 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Pustoshka. Population: 9,379 (2010 Census); 12,071 ; 14,063 (1989 Census). The population of Pustoshka accounts for 49.2% of the district's total population.

Sebezhsky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast and borders with Rasony and Verkhnyadzvinsk Districts of Vitebsk Oblast of Belarus in the south, Zilupe, Ludza, and Cibla municipalities of Latvia in the west, Krasnogorodsky and Opochetsky Districts in the north, and with Pustoshkinsky and Nevelsky Districts in the east. The area of the district is 3,100 square kilometers (1,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Sebezh. Population: 21,674 (2010 Census); 25,473 ; 26,926 (1989 Census). The population of Sebezh accounts for 29.4% of the district's total population.

Velikoluksky District District in Pskov Oblast, Russia

Velikoluksky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders with Loknyansky District in the north, Toropetsky District of Tver Oblast in the northeast, Kunyinsky District in the east, Usvyatsky District in the south, Nevelsky District in the southwest, and with Novosokolnichesky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,960 square kilometers (1,140 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Velikiye Luki. Population: 22,121 (2010 Census); 24,035 ; 31,911 (1989 Census).

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Law #833-oz
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #420-oz
  3. The count of urban-type settlements may include the work settlements, the resort settlements, the suburban (dacha) settlements, as well as urban-type settlements proper.
  4. 1 2 О районе (in Russian). Портал муниципальных образований Псковской области. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  6. The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value is only approximate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  7. Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time , as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  8. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  9. Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  10. Географическая характеристика (in Russian). Портал муниципальных образований Псковской области. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  11. История района (in Russian). Портал муниципальных образований Псковской области. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  12. Ратьковский, И. С.; Ходяков М. В. (2001). История Советской России (in Russian). Лань. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
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Sources