"Surgery" | |
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1905 illustration by A.Apsit | |
Author | Anton Chekhov |
Original title | "Хирургия" |
Country | Russia |
Language | Russian |
Published in | Oskolki (1884) |
Publisher | Adolf Marks |
Publication date | 11 August 1884 |
"Surgery" (Russian : Хирургия, translit. Khirurgiya) is a short story by Anton Chekhov, first published in 1884 by Oskolki . [1]
Russian is an East Slavic language, which is official in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia. It was the de facto language of the Soviet Union until its dissolution on 25 December 1991. Although, nowadays, nearly three decades after the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russian is used in official capacity or in public life in all the post-Soviet nation-states, as well as in Israel and Mongolia, the rise of state-specific varieties of this language tends to be strongly denied in Russia, in line with the Russian World ideology.
Romanization of Russian is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script.
A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood, however there are many exceptions to this.
"Surgery" was written by Chekhov in August 1884. It was first published in the humorous literary and art weekly magazine Oskolki (No. 32, 11 August 1884), signed A. Chekhonte and subtitled "A Scene".
In 1886, the short story was included in Motley Stories collection. Later, after some stylistic editing, it was also included into the Volume 2 of Chekhov's Collected Works, published by Adolf Marks in 1889. For this edition, Chekhov replaced some colloquial words in the story with more literary ones.
Adolf Fyodorovich Marx, last name also spelled Marcks and recently Marks, known as A. F. Marx, was an influential 19th-century German publisher in Russia best known for the weekly journal Niva. He obtained Russian citizenship.
During its author's lifetime, the story was translated into Bulgarian, Polish and Serbo-Croatian languages. [2]
Bulgarian, is an Indo-European language and a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic language family.
Polish is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group. It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles. In addition to being an official language of Poland, it is also used by Polish minorities in other countries. There are over 50 million Polish language speakers around the world and it is one of the official languages of the European Union.
Serbo-Croatian is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. It is a pluricentric language with four mutually intelligible standard varieties.
The story was based on Chekhov's experience as a doctor. Mikhail Chekhov, the younger brother of Anton Chekhov, linked the plot of the story with the residence of Chekhov in the summer of 1884 in Voskresensk and his work as a doctor at the Chikinsky zemstvo hospital. [2] [1]
Mikhail Aleksandrovich "Michael" Chekhov was a Russian-American actor, director, author and theatre practitioner. He was a nephew of the playwright Anton Chekhov and a student of Konstantin Stanislavski. Stanislavski referred to him as his most brilliant student.
Voskresensk is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
A zemstvo was an institution of local government set up during the great emancipation reform of 1861 carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Nikolay Milyutin elaborated the idea of the zemstva, and the first zemstvo laws went into effect in 1864. After the October Revolution the zemstvo system was shut down by the Bolsheviks and replaced with a multilevel system of workers' and peasants' councils ("soviets").
Feldsher Kuryatin, substituting for a chief doctor in a clinic, meets the church sexton Vonmiglasov who suffers from toothache. After thorough examination he decides to remove the tooth. His two unsuccessful efforts, causing much stress and pain both for himself and the patient, result in a quarrel. Vonmiglasov leaves outraged and disgusted, Kuryatin feels quite offended with his client's choice of language and lack of understanding.
According to the World Health Organization, a feldsher is a health care professional who provides various medical services limited to emergency treatment and ambulance practice. In Russia and in other countries of the former Soviet Union, feldshers provide primary-, obstetric- and surgical-care services in many rural medical centres and clinics across Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.
On the Harmful Effects of Tobacco is a one-act play by Anton Chekhov. It has one character, Ivan Ivanovich Nyukhin. First published in 1886, the play was revised by Chekhov and is best known from his 1902 version. This was first published in English in The Unknown Chekhov (1954), a collection of writings.
"Misery" is an 1886 short story by Anton Chekhov.
Tatiana Repina is a one-act drama by Anton Chekhov, written in 1889, as a sequel to Alexey Suvorin's play "Tatiana Repina", with the dedication to the author. The only printed copy of it has been discovered among Suvorin's papers in 1912, after his death. Chekhov's Tatyana Repina was published for the first time in 1924.
"An Enigmatic Nature" is an 1883 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"Fat and Thin" is a satirical short story by Anton Chekhov, first published in the No. 40, 1 October 1883 issue of Oskolki magazine, signed A. Chekhonte. It was included into Chekhov's 1886 collection Motley Stories published in Saint Petersburg and later in the Volume 1 of the Adolf Marks's Chekhov's Collected Works (1899).
"The Complaints Book" is a short story by Anton Chekhov, first published in the No. 10, 10 March [old style] 1884 issue of Oskolki, signed A. Chekhonte. It was included by the author into the Volume 1 of the Adolf Marks-published Chekhov's Collected Works (1899). The story was translated into Bulgarian and Czech languages during Chekhov's lifetime.
""Boys" is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"Children" is an 1886 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"Anna on the Neck" is an 1895 short story by Anton Chekhov
"A Story Without a Title" is an 1888 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"The House with the Mezzanine" is an 1896 short story by Anton Chekhov, subtitled "An Artist's Story".
"In the Cart" is an 1897 short story by Anton Chekhov, also translated as "The Schoolmistress".
"The Fish", is an 1885 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"A Horsey Name" is an 1885 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"Happiness" is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"The Runaway" is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"Shrove Tuesday" is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"The Privy Councillor" is an 1886 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"The Cattle-Dealers" is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.
"First Aid" is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov.