Alexis Carrel was a French surgeon and biologist who spent most of his scientific career in the United States. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques. He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles Lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation. Carrel was also a pioneer in tissue culture, transplantology and thoracic surgery. He is known for his leading role in implementing eugenic policies in Vichy France.
Spinal anaesthesia, also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block, is a form of neuraxial regional anaesthesia involving the injection of a local anaesthetic or opioid into the subarachnoid space, generally through a fine needle, usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long. It is a safe and effective form of anesthesia usually performed by anesthesiologists that can be used as an alternative to general anesthesia commonly in surgeries involving the lower extremities and surgeries below the umbilicus. The local anesthetic with or without an opioid injected into the cerebrospinal fluid provides locoregional anaesthesia: true anaesthesia, motor, sensory and autonomic (sympathetic) blockade. Administering analgesics in the cerebrospinal fluid without a local anaesthetic produces locoregional analgesia: markedly reduced pain sensation, some autonomic blockade, but no sensory or motor block. Locoregional analgesia, due to mainly the absence of motor and sympathetic block may be preferred over locoregional anaesthesia in some postoperative care settings. The tip of the spinal needle has a point or small bevel. Recently, pencil point needles have been made available.
Henri Marie René Leriche was a French vascular surgeon and physiologist.
Pierre Charles Huguier was a French surgeon and gynecologist born in Sézanne.
Joseph-François Malgaigne was a French surgeon and medical historian born in Charmes-sur-Moselle, Vosges.
Jean-François Jarjavay was a French anatomist and surgeon who was a native of Savignac-les-Églises in the department of Dordogne. He practised medicine at the Hôpital Lourcine and Hôpital Beaujon in Paris, and in 1859 became a professor of anatomy.
Mathieu Jaboulay was a French surgeon born in Saint-Genis-Laval, a city in the department of Rhône. He is remembered for introduction of new surgical procedures, as well as his work involving techniques of vascular anastomosis.
Édouard Francis Kirmisson was a French surgeon who was a native of Nantes. He specialized in pediatric and orthopedic surgery.
Georges Mareschal was a French surgeon. In 1707 he was ennobled, and was known as Georges Mareschal, seigneur de Bièvre.
Léon Clément Le Fort was a French surgeon remembered for his work on uterine prolapse, including Le Fort's operation. He also described Le Fort's fracture of the ankle and Le Fort's amputation of the foot.
Léon Dufourmentel was a French surgeon, son of a merchant, who specialized in maxillofacial surgery, leading to reconstructive surgery. Intern of Hospitals of Paris, then leader of the clinical faculty of medicine of Paris. He was the son-in-law of the anatomist Pierre Sebileau, and the father of plastic surgeon Claude Dufourmentel.
Pierre Bazy was a French surgeon and urologist born in Sainte-Croix-Volvestre.
Aristide Auguste Stanislas Verneuil was a French physician and surgeon.
The history of neuraxial anaesthesia dates back to the late 1800s and is closely intertwined with the development of anaesthesia in general. Neuraxial anaesthesia, in particular, is a form of regional analgesia placed in or around the Central Nervous System, used for pain management and anaesthesia for certain surgeries and procedures.
James Leonard Corning was an American neurologist, mainly known for his early experiments on neuraxial blockade in New York City.
Jean-François-Auguste Le Dentu was a French surgeon.
Sauveur François Morand was a French surgeon.
Lucien Jean-Baptiste Baudens was a French military surgeon.
Just-Marie-Marcellin Lucas-Championnière was a French surgeon.
Christian Emile Cabrol was a French cardiac surgeon best known for performing Europe's first heart transplant at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in 1968.
