Theatre in the round

Last updated
Theatre in the Round (15676322577).jpg
The stage of the Cockpit Theatre, London, has seating on four sides with a capacity of 240. Cockpit Theatre (Marylebone) - Auditorium.jpg
The stage of the Cockpit Theatre, London, has seating on four sides with a capacity of 240.

A theatre in the round, arena theatre, or central staging is a space for theatre in which the audience surrounds the stage.

Contents

Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.

The Glenn Hughes Penthouse Theatre in Seattle, Washington was the first theatre-in-the-round venue built in the United States. It first opened on May 19, 1940 with a production of Spring Dance, a comedy by playwright Philip Barry. [1] The 160-seat theatre is located on the campus of the University of Washington in Seattle and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1947, Margo Jones established America's first professional theatre-in-the-round company when she opened her Theater '47 in Dallas. The stage design as developed by Margo Jones was used by directors in later years for such well-known shows as Fun Home , the original stage production of Man of La Mancha, and all plays staged at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre (demolished in the 1960s), including Arthur Miller's autobiographical After the Fall . Such theatres had previously existed in colleges, but not in professional theatre buildings.

Theater in the round is a particularly appropriate setting for staging of dramas using Bertolt Brecht's alienation effect , [2] which stands in opposition to the more traditional Stanislavski technique [3] in drama. Alienation techniques include visible lighting fixtures and other technical elements. Round theatres also allow lighting parts of the audience so that people are reminded that they are in a theatre watching a drama with others.

Stage configuration

The stage is always in the centre with the audience arranged on all sides, and is most commonly rectangular, circular, diamond, or triangular. Actors may enter and exit through the audience from different directions or from below the stage. The stage is usually on an even level with or below the audience in a "pit" or "arena" formation.

This configuration lends itself to high-energy productions and anything that requires audience participation. It is favoured by producers of classical theatre and it has continued as a creative alternative to the more common proscenium format.

In effect, theatre-in-the-round removes the fourth wall and brings the actor into the same space as the audience. This is often problematic for proscenium or end stage trained actors who are taught that they must never turn their backs to the audience, something that is unavoidable in this format. However, it allows for strong and direct engagement with the audience.

It is also employed when theatrical performances are presented in non-traditional spaces such as restaurants, public squares, or during street theater. Set design is usually minimal since it would obscure the audience's view.

History

Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.

In Margo Jones' survey of theatre-in-the-round, [4] the first two sources of central staging in the United States she identified were the productions by Azubah Latham and Milton Smith at Columbia University dating from 1914, and T. Earl Pardoe's productions at Brigham Young University in 1922.

In 1924, Gilmor Brown founded the Fair Oaks Playbox in Pasadena, California, an important early practitioner of central staging in addition to other stage configurations that it pioneered in its advent of flexible staging. [5] As Indicated by Jones, [6] the centrally staged productions of the Fair Oaks Playbox were followed approximately eight years later by the work of Glenn Hughes in his Seattle Penthouse.

Stephen Joseph was the first to popularise the form in the United Kingdom from the US in the 1950s and set up theatres-in-the-round in Newcastle-under-Lyme and the Studio Theatre in Scarborough. The current theatre, opened in 1996, is known as the Stephen Joseph Theatre. Joseph was reputed to have once rhetorically asked, "Why must authorities stand with their back to a wall?" His answer was: "So nobody can knife them from behind."

Sam Walters set up an impromptu performance space in the upstairs of the Orange Tree pub in Richmond, London in the early 1970s and subsequently moved across the road to a permanent Orange Tree Theatre.

In 1972, RG Gregory set up the Word and Action theatre company in Dorset in England to work exclusively in theatre-in-the-round. Gregory sought to create a grammar that would enable actors to maximise the form's potential for connecting with the audience both as individuals and as a collective. All Word and Action productions were performed in normal lighting conditions, without costumes or makeup.

Uses in television and concert halls

The innovations of Margo Jones were an obvious influence on Albert McCleery when he created his Cameo Theatre for television in 1950. Continuing until 1955, McCleery offered dramas seen against pure black backgrounds instead of walls of a set. This enabled cameras in the darkness to pick up shots from any position.

Richard Nixon's 1968 U.S. Presidential campaign staged nine live televised question and answer sessions using a ground-breaking theatre-in-the-round format, adapted for a live televised audience. The first time use of the staging device was memorialized in the book, The Selling of the President 1968 by Joe McGinniss. The producer of these Nixon "Man in the Arena" [7] programs was Roger Ailes, [8] who later went to on start Fox News. Ailes' innovation of the theatre-in-the-round format for candidate forums became the blueprint for modern "town hall" candidate formats and even multiple-candidate debates.

Elvis Presley's '68 Comeback Special TV program was performed with the musicians seated using a raised staging in-the-round format.

When an arena staging was conceived for the progressive-rock group Yes by their tour manager Jim Halley in the mid-1970s, it prompted a redesign of rock concerts and venue seating arrangements.

The politics of the round

The politics of theatre-in-the-round were explored most deliberately by RG Gregory. In his view the lit space of a proscenium arch is analogous to the seat of power; the audience adopts the role of passive receivers. In traditional theatre design, maximum care is taken with sight lines in order to ensure that the actor can engage every member of the audience at the same time.

However, once removed from the picture frame of the arch, the actors are compelled to turn their back on some members of the audience and so necessarily lose exclusive command of the acting space. All members of the audience can see the actor, but the actor can no longer see all of them. At this point, in order for the play to function, the audience themselves must be allowed to become key conductors of the meaning of the performance.

Some, like the writer Mick Fealty, have stressed a close analogy between Gregory's description of the rudimentary dynamics of theater-in-the-round with the network effect of Internet-based communication in comparison to traditional broadcast and marketing channels.

Arena stage archive

George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia is home to the largest arena stage archive and contains material from the theatre's 50-year history. Included in the collection are photographs, production notebooks, scrapbooks, playbills, oral histories and handwritten correspondence. According to their website, the total volume is 260 cubic feet (7.4 m3) or 440 feet (130 m) linear and is housed in the Fenwick Library.

Notable examples

Australia

Canada

France

Hong Kong

Japan

Malta

Poland

United Kingdom

Greater London

Greater Manchester

Elsewhere

United States

Arizona

California

Colorado

District of Columbia

Florida

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Maryland

Massachusetts

Minnesota

Missouri

Nevada

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

Wisconsin

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of theatre</span> Collaborative form of performing art

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to theatre:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Proscenium</span> Theatre feature

A proscenium is the metaphorical vertical plane of space in a theatre, usually surrounded on the top and sides by a physical proscenium arch and on the bottom by the stage floor itself, which serves as the frame into which the audience observes from a more or less unified angle the events taking place upon the stage during a theatrical performance. The concept of the fourth wall of the theatre stage space that faces the audience is essentially the same.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black box theater</span> Simple, somewhat unadorned performance space

A black box theater is a simple performance space, typically a square room with black walls and a flat floor. The simplicity of the space allows it to be used to create a variety of configurations of stage and audience interaction. The black box is a relatively recent innovation in theatre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thrust stage</span> Stage that extends into the audience on three sides

In theatre, a thrust stage is one that extends into the audience on three sides and is connected to the backstage area by its upstage end. A thrust has the benefit of greater intimacy between performers and the audience than a proscenium, while retaining the utility of a backstage area. This is in contrast to a theatre in the round, which is exposed on all sides to the audience, is without a backstage, and relies entirely on entrances in the auditorium or from under the stage. Entrances onto a thrust are most readily made from backstage, although some theatres provide for performers to enter through the audience using vomitory entrances. As with an arena, the audience in a thrust stage theatre may view the stage from three or more sides. Because the audience can view the performance from a variety of perspectives, it is usual for the blocking, props and scenery to receive thorough consideration to ensure that no perspective is blocked from view. A high-backed chair, for instance, when placed stage right, could create a blind spot in the stage left action.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seattle Center</span> Arts, educational, tourism and entertainment center in Seattle, Washington

Seattle Center is an entertainment, education, tourism and performing arts center located in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. Constructed for the 1962 World's Fair, Seattle Center's landmark feature is the 605 ft (184 m) Space Needle, an official city landmark and globally recognized symbol of Seattle's skyline. Other notable attractions include the Pacific Science Center, Climate Pledge Arena, and Museum of Pop Culture (MoPOP), as well as McCaw Hall, which hosts both the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet. The Seattle Center Monorail provides regular public transit service between Seattle Center and Westlake Center in Downtown Seattle, and is itself considered a tourist attraction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Experimental theatre</span> Genre of theater

Experimental theatre, inspired largely by Wagner's concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, began in Western theatre in the late 19th century with Alfred Jarry and his Ubu plays as a rejection of both the age in particular and, in general, the dominant ways of writing and producing plays. The term has shifted over time as the mainstream theatre world has adopted many forms that were once considered radical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert B. Sherman</span> American songwriter (1925–2012)

Robert Bernard Sherman was an American songwriter, best known for his work in musical films with his brother, Richard M. Sherman. The Sherman brothers produced more motion picture song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Some of their songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including Mary Poppins, The Happiest Millionaire, The Sword in the Stone, The Jungle Book, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Slipper and the Rose, and Charlotte's Web. Their best-known work is "It's a Small World " possibly the most-performed song in history.

Ben Iden Payne, also known as B. Iden Payne, was an English actor, director and teacher. Active in professional theatre for seventy years, he helped the first modern repertory theatre in the United Kingdom, was an early and effective advocate for Elizabethan staging of Shakespeare plays, and served as an inspiration for Shakespeare Companies and University theatre programmes throughout North America and the British Isles. His name lives on as the name of a theatre at the University of Texas as well as annual theatre awards presented in Austin, Texas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stage (theatre)</span> Designated space for the performance of productions

In theatre and performing arts, the stage is a designated space for the performance of productions. The stage serves as a space for actors or performers and a focal point for the audience. As an architectural feature, the stage may consist of a platform or series of platforms. In some cases, these may be temporary or adjustable but in theaters and other buildings devoted to such productions, the stage is often a permanent feature.

Main stage or mainstage refers to the largest or most prestigious space of a theatre building and to the productions performed in that space. Mainstage theatre has been historically distinguished from smaller-scale studio theatre. It is usually performed in a proscenium theatre or on a thrust stage. Main stage is also used to describe the performance space with the largest audience capacity at a performing arts festival or other venues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theater (structure)</span> Performing arts venue (building)

A theater, or playhouse, is a structure where theatrical works, performing arts, and musical concerts are presented. The theater building serves to define the performance and audience spaces. The facility usually is organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members, as well as the stage where the performance takes place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margo Jones</span>

Margo Jones, nicknamed the "Texas Tornado", was an American stage director and producer, best known for launching the American regional theater movement and for introducing the theater-in-the-round concept in Dallas, Texas. In 1947, she established the first regional professional company when she opened Theatre '47 in Dallas. Of the 85 plays Jones staged during her Dallas career, 57 were new, and one-third of those new plays had a continued life on stage, television, and radio. Jones played an important role in the early careers of a range of playwrights, such as Tennessee Williams, William Inge, Joseph Hayes, Jerome Lawrence, and Robert E. Lee.

Performing arts – are art forms where the participant engages in a physical performance using their body, voice, language, or use of specific equipment for entertainment purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broadway Sacramento</span>

Broadway Sacramento is the largest nonprofit arts organization in the state of California and the city of Sacramento's oldest professional performing arts company. Its summer stock theatre, Music Circus, has been producing Broadway-style musicals since 1951.

The Naples Players (TNP) is a community theatre company located in Naples, Florida. The company was founded on January 19, 1953 in the Sugden Community Theatre at 701 5th Avenue South in downtown Naples. It has been named the "Best Live Theatre" in Southwest Florida (including professional theaters) fifteen times by the readers poll of The Naples Daily News.

There are different types of theatres, but they all have three major parts in common. Theatres are divided into two main sections, the house and the stage; there is also a backstage area in many theatres. The house is the seating area for guests watching a performance and the stage is where the actual performance is given. The backstage area is usually restricted to people who are producing or in the performance.

<i>Here Lies Love</i> Musical

Here Lies Love is a concept album and rock musical made in collaboration between David Byrne and Fatboy Slim, about the life of the former First Lady of the Philippines Imelda Marcos along with the woman who raised her—Estrella Cumpas—and follows Marcos until she and her family were forced to leave the Philippines. The album features 22 guest vocalists and was released on 5 April 2010, under Nonesuch Records and Todomundo in several formats, including a deluxe double-Compact Disc set with a DVD of music videos from the album and a 120-page book.

Ann Hould-Ward is an American costume designer, primarily for the theatre and dance. She has designed the costumes for 24 Broadway productions. She won the 1994 Tony Award for Beauty and the Beast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACT Theatre</span> Non-profit theatre organization in Seattle

ACT Contemporary Theatre is a regional, non-profit theatre organization in Seattle, in the US state of Washington. Gregory A. Falls (1922–1997) founded ACT in 1965 and served as its first Artistic director; at the time ACT was founded he was also head of the Drama Department at the University of Washington. Falls was identified with the theatrical avant garde of the time, and founded ACT because he saw the Seattle Repertory Theatre as too specifically devoted to classics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friedrichstadt-Palast</span> Revue theatre in Berlin

The Friedrichstadt-Palast, also shortened to Palast Berlin, is a revue theatre in the Berlin district of Mitte. The term Friedrichstadt-Palast refers both to the building as well as the institution and its ensemble. The present building is distinct from its predecessor, the Old Friedrichstadt-Palast, which was located near Schiffbauerdamm and demolished in 1985. To distinguish it from its aforementioned predecessor, the building is also commonly known as Neuer Friedrichstadt-Palast (New Friedrichstadt-Palast).

References

  1. Tate, Cassandra. 200255. "Curtain rises on Seattle's new Penthouse Theatre on May 16, 1947." Archived August 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  2. Alienation Effect in Encyclopedia Britannica online.
  3. The book "An Actor Prepares" was first published in 1936 and is the first volume of the translations of Constantin Stanislavski's books on acting, which were published as a trilogy in English, though originally meant to be published as two books in Russian.
  4. Jones, Margo. 1951. Theatre-in-the-Round. Rinehard & Company, Inc.; Sec. Pr. edition
  5. Altenberg, Roger. 1964. A Historical Study of Gilmore Brown's Fair-oaks Play box: 1924–1927 Archived March 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  6. Jones, Margo. 1951. Theatre-in-the-Round, p. 38
  7. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Man in the Arena Part 1". YouTube .
  8. "Roger Ailes, Nixon's Television Man »". 18 May 2017.
  9. "La Boite Theatre (entry 602171)". Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  10. "Roundhouse Theatre". Queensland University of Technology . Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  11. "Le Théâtre en Rond". Théatre en rond. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  12. Hale Centre Theatre in Arizona Archived June 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2014-06-20
  13. Broadway Sacramento Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine at The Wells Fargo Pavilion
  14. "Welcome to the Wagon Wheel Center for the Arts" . Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  15. "Facilities". Smith College. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  16. "Mark A. Chapman Theatre". Kansas State University School of Music, Theatre, and Dance. 12 October 2019. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  17. Cape Cod Melody Tent Archived February 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  18. South Shore Music Circus Archived November 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  19. "Balch Arena Theater at Tufts University". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  20. Theatre in the Round Archived October 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Minneapolis, official web site
  21. "About Seton Hall Theatre". Seton Hall University. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  22. Plaza Theatre Company Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  23. Artisan Center Theatre Archived October 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  24. Wall, Mick (May 2018). "A wild ride over stony ground". Classic Rock . No. 248. p. 36.
  25. "News | The Snake Pit Returns!!". Metallica.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.