Thomas Sowell

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Thomas Sowell
Thomas Sowell cropped.jpg
Sowell in 1964
Born (1930-06-30) June 30, 1930 (age 89)
Gastonia, North Carolina, U.S.
Spouse(s)
  • Alma Jean Parr
    (m. 1964;div. 1975)
  • Mary Ash(m. 1981)
Institution
Field
School or
tradition		 Chicago school of economics
Alma mater
Influences
Awards
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Marine Corps
Years of service1951–1953

Thomas Sowell ( /soʊl/ ; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist and social theorist who is currently a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

Economist professional in the social science discipline of economics

An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

Social theory analytical framework, or paradigm, that is used to study and interpret social phenomena

Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies, the primacy of either structure or agency, as well as the relationship between contingency and necessity. Social theory in an informal nature, or authorship based outside of academic social and political science, may be referred to as "social criticism" or "social commentary", or "cultural criticism" and may be associated both with formal cultural and literary scholarship, as well as other non-academic or journalistic forms of writing.

A fellow is a member of an academy, learned society or group of learned subjects which works together in pursuing mutual knowledge or practice. There are many different kinds of fellowships which are awarded for different reasons in academia and industry. These often indicate a different level of scholarship.

Contents

Sowell was born in North Carolina, but grew up in Harlem, New York. He dropped out of Stuyvesant High School and served in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. He received a bachelor's degree, graduating magna cum laude [1] from Harvard University in 1958 and a master's degree from Columbia University in 1959. In 1968, he earned his doctorate in economics from the University of Chicago.

North Carolina State in the United States

North Carolina is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States. North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and South Carolina to the south, and Tennessee to the west. Raleigh is the state's capital and Charlotte is its largest city. The Charlotte metropolitan area, with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina, the 23rd-most populous in the United States, and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City. The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state, with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018, and is home to the largest research park in the United States, Research Triangle Park.

Harlem Neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City

Harlem is a neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is bounded roughly by Frederick Douglass Boulevard, St. Nicholas Avenue, and Morningside Park on the west; the Harlem River and 155th Street on the north; Fifth Avenue on the east; and Central Park North on the south. The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west to the Hudson River, north to 155th Street, east to the East River, and south to 96th Street.

New York (state) American state

New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States. New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States. With an estimated 19.54 million residents in 2018, it is the fourth most populous state. In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name, it is sometimes referred to as New York State (NYS).

Sowell has served on the faculties of several universities, including Cornell University and University of California, Los Angeles. He has also worked for think tanks such as the Urban Institute. Since 1980, he has worked at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He writes from a libertarian conservative perspective, advocating supply-side economics. Sowell has written more than thirty books (a number of which have been reprinted in revised editions), and his work has been widely anthologized. He is a National Humanities Medal recipient for innovative scholarship which incorporated history, economics and political science.

Cornell University Private Ivy League research university in Upstate New York

Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca, New York. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge—from the classics to the sciences, and from the theoretical to the applied. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornell's founding principle, a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study."

University of California, Los Angeles Public research university in Los Angeles, California

The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), is a public research university in Los Angeles. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919, making it the fourth-oldest of the 10-campus University of California system. It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, making the school the most applied-to of any American university.

A think tank or policy institute is a research institute which performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most policy institutes are non-profit organisations, which some countries such as the United States and Canada provide with tax exempt status. Other think tanks are funded by governments, advocacy groups, or corporations, and derive revenue from consulting or research work related to their projects.

Early life and education

Sowell was born in Gastonia, North Carolina, near the border with South Carolina. His father died shortly before he was born, and his mother, a housemaid, already had four children. A great-aunt and her two grown daughters adopted Sowell and raised him. [2] In his autobiography, A Personal Odyssey, Sowell wrote that his childhood encounters with white people were so limited that he did not know that blond was a hair color. [3] When Sowell was nine, his family moved from Charlotte, North Carolina, to Harlem, New York City, as part of the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North for greater opportunities. He qualified for Stuyvesant High School, a prestigious academic high school in New York City; he was the first in his family to study beyond the sixth grade. However, he was forced to drop out at age 17 because of financial difficulties and problems in his home. [2]

Gastonia, North Carolina City in North Carolina, United States

Gastonia is the largest city in and county seat of Gaston County, North Carolina, United States. It is also the second largest satellite city of the Charlotte area, behind Concord. The population was 71,741 at the 2010 Census. In 2018, the population had increased to 77,024. Gastonia is the 13th largest city in North Carolina. It is part of the Charlotte metropolitan area, officially designated the Charlotte Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Gastonia has experienced steady growth, with a population increase between 2000 and 2010 of nearly 8.2%, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Maid young girl or woman employed to do household work in employers home

A maid, or housemaid or maidservant, is a female domestic worker. Although now usually found only in the most wealthy of households, in the Victorian era domestic service was the second largest category of employment in England and Wales, after agricultural work.

Charlotte, North Carolina Largest city in North Carolina

Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Located in the Piedmont, it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County. In 2018, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population was 872,498, making it the 16th-most populous city in the United States. The Charlotte metropolitan area's population ranks 23rd in the U.S., and had a population of 2,569,213, in 2018. The Charlotte metropolitan area is part of a sixteen-county market region or combined statistical area with a 2018 census-estimated population of 2,728,933.

Sowell held a number of positions, including one at a machine shop and another as a delivery man for Western Union, [4] and he tried out for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1948. [5] He was drafted into the military in 1951, during the Korean War, and was assigned to the United States Marine Corps. Because of his experience in photography, Sowell became a Marine Corps photographer. [2]

The Western Union Company is an American worldwide financial services and communications company. Its headquarters is in Denver, Colorado. Up until it discontinued the service in 2006, Western Union was globally the best-known American company in the business of exchanging telegrams.

Conscription Compulsory enlistment into national or military service

Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.

Korean War 1950s war between North and South Korea

The Korean War was a war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.

Education and career

After his discharge, Sowell worked a civil service job in Washington, DC, and attended night classes at Howard University, a historically black college. His high scores on the College Board exams and recommendations by two professors helped him gain admission to Harvard University, where he graduated magna cum laude in 1958 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. [2] [6] He earned a Master's degree from Columbia University the following year. [6]

Howard University university in Washington D.C.

Howard University is a private, federally chartered historically black university (HBCU) in Washington, D.C. It is categorized among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

The College Board is an American not-for-profit organization that was formed in December 1899 as the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) to expand access to higher education. While the College Board is not an association of colleges, it runs a membership association of institutions, including over 6,000 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations.

Harvard University Private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,700 undergraduate students and about 13,100 postgraduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning. Its history, influence, wealth, and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. It is cited as the world's top university by many publishers.

Sowell has said that he was a Marxist "during the decade of my 20s"; one of his earliest professional publications was a sympathetic examination of Marxist thought vs. Marxist–Leninist practice. [7] His experience working as a federal government intern during the summer of 1960 caused him to reject Marxian economics in favor of free market economic theory. During his work, Sowell discovered an association between the rise of mandated minimum wages for workers in the sugar industry of Puerto Rico and the rise of unemployment in that industry. Studying the patterns led Sowell to theorize that the government employees who administered the minimum wage law cared more about their own jobs than the plight of the poor. [8]

Sowell received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in economics from the University of Chicago in 1968. [6] His dissertation was titled Say's Law and the General Glut Controversy. [9] Sowell had initially chosen Columbia University to study under George Stigler (who would later receive the Nobel Prize in Economics). When he learned that Stigler had moved to the University of Chicago, he followed him there. [10]

From 1965 to 1969, Sowell was an assistant professor of economics at Cornell University. Writing thirty years later about the 1969 "violent" takeover by black Cornell students of Willard Straight Hall, Sowell characterized the students as "hoodlums" with "serious academic problems [and] admitted under lower academic standards" and noted "it so happens that the pervasive racism that black students supposedly encountered at every turn on campus and in town was not apparent to me during the four years that I taught at Cornell and lived in Ithaca." [11]

Sowell has taught economics at Howard University, Rutgers, Cornell, Brandeis University, Amherst College, and the University of California, Los Angeles. Since 1980, he has been a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he holds a fellowship named after Rose and Milton Friedman, his mentor. [6] [12] In addition, Sowell appeared several times on William F. Buckley Jr.'s show Firing Line , during which he discussed the economics of race and privatization. [13] [14]

In 1987, Sowell testified in favor of federal appeals court judge Robert Bork during the hearings for Bork's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court. In his testimony, Sowell said that Bork was "the most highly qualified nominee of this generation" and that what he viewed as judicial activism, a concept that Bork opposed as a self-described originalist and textualist, "has not been beneficial to minorities." [15]

In a review of a 1987 book, Larry D. Nachman in Commentary magazine described Sowell as a leading representative of the Chicago school of economics. [16]

Writings

Sowell is both a syndicated columnist and an academic economist, whose column was distributed by Creators Syndicate. Themes of Sowell's writing range from social policy on race, ethnic groups, education and decision-making, to classical and Marxian economics, to the problems of children perceived as having disabilities.

While often described as a black conservative, he prefers not to be labeled, having stated, "I prefer not to have labels, but I suspect that 'libertarian' would suit me better than many others, although I disagree with the libertarian movement on a number of things". [17] He primarily writes on economic subjects, generally advocating a free market approach to capitalism. [18] Sowell opposes the Federal Reserve, arguing that it has been unsuccessful in preventing economic depressions and limiting inflation. [19]

Sowell also writes on racial topics and is a critic of affirmative action and race-based quotas. [20] [21] On the topic of affirmative action, Sowell has stated:

One of the few policies that can be said to harm virtually every group in a different way… Obviously, whites and Asians lose out when you have preferential admission for black students or Hispanic students—but blacks and Hispanics lose out because what typically happens is the students who have all the credentials to succeed in college are admitted to colleges where the standards are so much higher that they fail. [22]

He takes strong issue with the notion of government as a helper or savior of minorities, arguing that the historical record shows quite the opposite.

Sowell occasionally writes on the subject of gun control, about which he has stated: "One can cherry-pick the factual studies, or cite some studies that have subsequently been discredited, but the great bulk of the studies show that gun control laws do not in fact control guns. On net balance, they do not save lives, but cost lives." [23]

Books on economics

Sowell has also written a trilogy of books on ideologies and political positions, including A Conflict of Visions , where he speaks about the origins of political strife; The Vision of the Anointed , where he compares the conservative/libertarian and liberal/progressive worldviews; and The Quest for Cosmic Justice, where, as in many of his other writings, he outlines his thesis of the need for intellectuals, politicians and leaders to fix and perfect the world in utopian, and ultimately he posits, disastrous fashions. Separate from the trilogy, but also in discussion of the subject, he wrote Intellectuals and Society , in which, building on his earlier work, he discusses what he argues to be the blind hubris and follies of intellectuals in a variety of areas.

His book Knowledge and Decisions, a winner of the 1980 Law and Economics centre Prize, was heralded as a "landmark work" and selected for this prize "because of its cogent contribution to our understanding of the differences between the market process and the process of government." In announcing the award, the centre acclaimed Sowell, whose "contribution to our understanding of the process of regulation alone would make the book important, but in reemphasizing the diversity and efficiency that the market makes possible, [his] work goes deeper and becomes even more significant." [24] Friedrich Hayek wrote: "In a wholly original manner [Sowell] succeeds in translating abstract and theoretical argument into highly concrete and realistic discussion of the central problems of contemporary economic policy." [25]

Sowell challenges the notion that black progress is due to progressive government programs or policies, in The Economics and Politics of Race (1983), Ethnic America (1981), Affirmative Action Around the World (2004), and other books. He claims that many problems identified with blacks in modern society are not unique, either in terms of American ethnic groups, or in terms of a rural proletariat struggling with disruption as it became urbanized, as discussed in his book Black Rednecks and White Liberals (2005).

In Affirmative Action Around the World [26] Sowell holds that affirmative action covers most of the American population, particularly women, and has long since ceased to favor blacks.

Sowell described his serious study of Karl Marx in his autobiography. He opposes Marxism, providing a critique in his book Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (1985).

Sowell also favors decriminalization of all drugs. [27]

Books on other subjects

In Intellectuals and Race (2013), Sowell argues that intelligence quotient (IQ) gaps are hardly startling or unusual between, or within, ethnic groups. He notes that the roughly 15-point gap in contemporary black–white IQ scores is similar to that between the national average and the scores of certain ethnic white groups in years past, in periods when the nation was absorbing new immigrants.

Sowell wrote The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late, a follow-up to his Late-Talking Children, discussing a condition he termed Einstein syndrome. This book investigates the phenomenon of late-talking children, frequently misdiagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder. He includes the research of Stephen Camarata and Steven Pinker, among others, in this overview of a poorly understood developmental trait. It is a trait which he says affected many historical figures. He discusses late-talkers who developed prominent careers, such as physicists Albert Einstein (but it is doubtful that Einstein was a late talker [28] ), Edward Teller and Richard Feynman; mathematician Julia Robinson; and musicians Arthur Rubinstein and Clara Schumann. He makes the case for the theory that some children develop unevenly (asynchronous development) for a period in childhood due to rapid and extraordinary development in the analytical functions of the brain. This may temporarily "rob resources" from neighboring functions such as language development. Sowell disagrees with Simon Baron-Cohen's speculation that Einstein may have had Asperger syndrome. [29]

Columns

Sowell had a nationally syndicated column distributed by Creators Syndicate that was published in Forbes magazine, National Review , The Wall Street Journal , The Washington Times , The New York Post and other major newspapers, as well as online on websites such as RealClearPolitics, Townhall, WorldNetDaily , and the Jewish World Review . [30]

Sowell comments on current issues, which include liberal media bias; [31] judicial activism (while defending originalism); [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] intact dilation and extraction (commonly known as, and described in U.S. federal law as, partial-birth abortion); [37] the minimum wage; universal health care; the tension between government policies, programs, and protections and familial autonomy; affirmative action; government [38] bureaucracy; gun control; [23] militancy in U.S. foreign policy; the U.S. war on drugs, and multiculturalism. [39]

In a Townhall editorial, "The Bush Legacy", Sowell assessed President George W. Bush as "a mixed bag", but "an honorable man." [40]

Sowell was strongly critical of Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump and officially endorsed Ted Cruz in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries in a February article. [41] However, he indicated that he would vote against the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, in the general election, due to fears about the appointments Clinton would possibly make to the Supreme Court. [42]

Sowell announced the end of syndicated column on December 27, 2016. He wrote that, at age 86, "the question is not why I am quitting, but why I kept at it so long", and cited a desire to focus on his photography hobby. [43]

Reception

Positive

Classical liberals, libertarians and conservatives of different disciplines have received Sowell's work positively. [44] [45] [46] Among these, he has been noted for originality, great depth and breadth, [47] [48] clarity of expression, and thoroughness of research. [49] [48] [50]

Sowell's publications have been received positively by economists Steven Plaut and Abigail Thernstrom; political scientist Charles Murray; psychologists Steven Pinker and Jonathan Haidt; Josef Joffe, publisher and editor of Die Zeit ; Jay Nordlinger, Senior Editor of National Review; theater critic and political commentator Kevin D. Williamson; Walter E. Williams, professor of economics at George Mason University; publishing executive Steve Forbes; and R. Bastiat, Economics Editor of the now-defunct web publication, Iconoclast.ca. Their remarks include,

[Sowell's work is] thoroughly, almost dauntingly, researched, yet it is as readable as a novel ... clearing away cant and illuminating the world as it is. [50]

A Conflict of Visions gives us an intellectual framework that must shape an attentive reader's way of looking at the political world forever after. [47]

The most sweeping attempt to survey the [different visions of human nature that underlie left-wing and right-wing ideologies] is Thomas Sowell's A Conflict of Visions . Not every ideological struggle fits his scheme, but as we say in social science, he has identified a factor that can account for a large proportion of the variance. ... Sowell calls [the two 'visions' of human nature] the Constrained Vision and the Unconstrained Vision; I will refer to them as the Tragic Vision ... and the Utopian Vision. ... My own view is that the new sciences of human nature really do vindicate some version of the Tragic Vision and undermine the Utopian outlook... [51] [52]

As I ... read the writings of conservative intellectuals from Edmund Burke in the eighteenth century through Friedrich Hayek and Thomas Sowell in the twentieth, I began to see that they had attained a crucial insight into the sociology of morality that I had never encountered before. They understood the importance of what I'll call moral capital. ... If you believe that people are inherently good, and that they flourish when constraints and divisions are removed, then yes, [simply linking people together into healthy, trusting relationships] may be sufficient [to improve the ethical profile of a group to achieve a moral vision for the group]. But conservatives generally take a very different view of human nature. They believe that people need external structures or constraints in order to behave well, cooperate, and thrive. These external constraints include laws, institutions, customs, traditions, nations, and religions. People who hold this "constrained view" are therefore very concerned about the health and integrity of these "outside-the-mind" coordination devices. [53]

...as a moral psychologist, I had to say the constrained vision [of human nature that Sowell outlines in A Conflict of Visions] is correct. [54]

Thomas Sowell's work ... takes place on a breathtaking intellectual level that ought to command the respect even of those who violently disagree with him. [48]

[Sowell is] a delight: terse, well argued and utterly convincing. [55]

I can think of no better way for a conscientious U.S. voter to start out this election year than by reading [Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy and Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One .] [56]

[Thomas Sowell] has written about 30 [books] and brilliant ones, or at least excellent ones. You won't find a dud in the bunch. [45]

Thomas Sowell is that rarest of things among serious academics: plainspoken. [His work is] that of a man who knows a whole lot more about things than you do and is intent on setting you straight, at length if necessary, if you'd only listen [emphasis in original]. [44]

For those who want a short introduction to Sowell-think, Intellectuals and Race ... is a perfect place to start. His main message—amply illustrated—is that, on the subject of race, intellectuals are useless. Indeed, they don't even ask the right questions. ... His book is a primer on rigorous thinking about social and economic issues in general, here and abroad ... I didn't think I would learn much from Sowell's wonderful little book, having slogged through the literature on race since I was born—or at least it feels like it's been that long. But I did ... Intellectuals and Race is a feast of hard thinking about America's ongoing racial agony. [57]

[Sowell's] latest is another triumph of crackling observations that underscore the ignorance of our economists and policymakers. [46]

Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective is a true gem in terms of exposing the demagoguery and sheer ignorance of politicians and intellectuals in their claims about wealth and poverty. [58]

Negative

Critics such as author and journalist Colin Campbell, Hampton University economist Bernadette Chachere, Harvard University sociologist William Julius Wilson, social scientist Richard Coughlin, Stanford law professor Richard Thompson Ford, and Pulitzer Prize winner Steven Pearlstein include in their remarks,

[Sowell's works] have been published, to much praise ... and a lot of criticism, some of it bitter. [59]

To cite one article published in 1973, after controlling for age, region of residence, parents' income, father's occupation and education, place where raised, number of siblings, health, local labor, market conditions, geographic mobility, and seasonal employment, there still remained a 70% difference in the earnings of whites and nonwhites. Sowell's Markets and Minorities leaves [this] unexplained ... There is not one footnote to this chapter. [60]

A plausible alternative to Mr. Sowell's hypothesis on women's pay differentials and occupational segregation is that women are virtually excluded from many desirable positions and therefore crowd into obtainable occupations ... [However, his work] is a brutally frank, perceptive and important contribution to the national debate over the means to achieve equality and social justice for minorities and women. [61]

[Sowell's] absence of a coherent (much less, rigorous) comparative methodology renders the analysis less compelling than it might otherwise be ... the book's lack of methodological rigor will, I suspect, make it easy for readers holding opposing viewpoints to discount Sowell's conclusions. [62]

Too much of Intellectuals and Race reads with overly tendentious and snide attacks on caricatured liberal theories ... Sowell insists ... that differences in productive capabilities explain the differences in outcomes ... [He] downplays the toll that American racism has taken, not only on black fortunes but on American civic culture and politics. [63]

Legacy and honors

In 1982, Sowell won the Mencken Award for Best Book for Ethnic America: A History from the Free Press Association. [64] In 1990, Sowell won the Francis Boyer Award, presented by the American Enterprise Institute. In 1998, he received the Sydney Hook Award from the National Association of Scholars. [65] In 2002, Sowell was awarded the National Humanities Medal for prolific scholarship melding history, economics, and political science. In 2003, he was awarded the Bradley Prize for intellectual achievement. [66] In 2004, he was given Laissez Faire Books' Lysander Spooner Award for his book Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One . [67] In 2008, getAbstract awarded his book Economic Facts and Fallacies its International Book Award. [68]

Personal life

Previously married to Alma Jean Parr from 1964 to 1975, Sowell married Mary Ash in 1981. [69] [70] He has two children, John and Lorraine. [71] [72] [73]

In 2007, Sowell commented that modern television talk shows did not match the quality of David Susskind's Open End or The University of Chicago Roundtable and that Meet the Press moderated by Tim Russert was unlike the shows moderated by Lawrence Spivak or Bill Monroe. [74] Sowell is also known for his disdain of self-promotion. [75]

Career highlights

Books

See also

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Intellectuals and Society is a non-fiction book by Thomas Sowell. The book was initially published on January 5, 2010 by Basic Books.

<i>The Housing Boom and Bust</i> book by Thomas Sowell

The Housing Boom and Bust is a non-fiction book written by Thomas Sowell about the United States housing bubble and following subprime mortgage crisis. The book was initially published on April 24, 2009 by Basic Books and reissued on February 23, 2010.

A late talker is a toddler who experiences late-language emergence (LLE), a delay in language onset with no other diagnosed disabilities. There are certain characteristics that late talkers share. For example, late talkers are significantly associated with being male, having a lower socioeconomic status, and having attention problems.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. American professor

Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. is an American literary critic, teacher, historian, filmmaker and public intellectual who serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University. He discovered what are considered the earliest known literary works of African-American writers, and has published extensively on appreciating African-American literature as part of the Western canon.

<i>Wealth, Poverty and Politics</i>

Wealth, Poverty and Politics: An International Perspective is a book by American economist and social theorist Thomas Sowell. It was originally published by Basic Books in 2015, with an updated version published in 2016. In the work, Sowell argues against the notion that economic equality is natural, and examines geographic, cultural, social, and political factors that have contributed to the wealth of groups and nations.

References

  1. ↑ "Thomas Sowell Articles – Political Columnist & Commentator". townhall.com.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Graglia, Nino A. (Winter 2001). "Profile in courage". Hoover Institution Newsletter. Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on September 9, 2005.
  3. ↑ Sowell, A Personal Odyssey, p. 6.
  4. ↑ Sowell, A Personal Odyssey, pp. 47, 58, 59, 62.
  5. ↑ Nordlinger, Jay (February 21, 2011), "A lion in high summer: Thomas Sowell, charging ahead" (PDF), National Review, pp. 43–45
  6. 1 2 3 4 Sowell, Thomas. "Curriculum vita". TSowell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  7. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (1963). "Karl Marx and the Freedom of the Individual", Ethics 73:2, p. 120.
  8. ↑ Sawhill, Ray (1999-11-10). "Black and right". Salon.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2000.
  9. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (1968). Say's Law and the General Glut Controversy (PhD dissertation). University of Chicago.
  10. ↑ "Charlie Rose". Youtube.com. September 15, 1995. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
  11. 1 2 Sowell, Thomas (1999-05-03). "The Day Cornell Died". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Hoover Institution. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Sowell on Firing Line". Hoover Institution.
  14. ↑ Firing Line with William F. Buckley, Jr. (2017-02-01), Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: The Economics and Politics of Race , retrieved 2017-06-01
  15. ↑ Greenhouse, Linda (September 26, 1987). "Legal Establishment Divided Over Bork Nomination". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2011. Video of Sowell's testimony at C-SPAN
  16. ↑ Larry D. Nachman, " 'A Conflict of Visions,' by Thomas Sowell", Commentary , March 1987.
  17. ↑ Sawhill R. (1999) "Black and Right: Thomas Sowell Talks About the Arrogance of Liberal Elites and the Loneliness of the Black Conservative." Salon. Accessed May 6, 2007.
  18. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Jewish world review. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  19. ↑ "Thomas Sowell: Federal Reserve a 'Cancer'". It makes sense (World wide web log). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  20. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Columnists. Townhall. 2003-01-08. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
  21. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Columnists. Town hall. 2003-01-09. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
  22. ↑ Beamon, Todd (2013-03-22). "Thomas Sowell to Newsmax: GOP Outreach to Blacks 'Most Unpromising'". Newsmax. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Do Gun Control Laws Control Guns?". Town hall. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  24. ↑ "Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell, 1996 | Online Research Library: Questia". www.questia.com. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  25. ↑ Hayek, Friedrich (December 1981). "The Best Book on General Economics in Many a Year". Reason . 13. Reason Foundation. pp. 47–49.
  26. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (2004-10-30). "Affirmative Action around the World | Hoover Institution". Hoover.org. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  27. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (1987); Compassion Versus Guilt, and Other Essays; ISBN   0-688-07114-7.
  28. ↑ "The Legend of the Dull-Witted Child Who Grew Up to Be a Genius", The Albert Einstein Archives, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  29. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (2001). The Einstein Syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late. Basic Books. pp.  89–150. ISBN   978-0-465-08140-0.
  30. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Jewish world review. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
  31. ↑ "Thomas Sowell, Conservative, Political News". Town hall. 2004-03-12. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  32. ↑ "Judicial Activism Reconsidered". T Sowell. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  33. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Townhall. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  34. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Townhall. 2004-11-10. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  35. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Conservative Columnists and Political Commentary. Townhall. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  36. ↑ "Thomas Sowell". Townhall. 2005-09-14. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  37. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (2004-06-04). "Thomas Sowell : 'Partial truth' abortion". Townhall. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  38. ↑ "International Book Award". Get Abstract. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  39. ↑ "The Cult of Multiculturalism". National Review Online. 2010-10-18. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  40. ↑ Sowell, Thomas (16 January 2009). "The Bush Legacy". Town hall.
  41. ↑ Sowell, Thomas. "Tragedy and Choices". Real Clear Politics.
  42. ↑ "Thomas Sowell To Vote 'Against Hillary'". Daily wire. September 28, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Farewell". Real clear politics. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  44. 1 2 Williamson, Kevin D. (December 1, 2011). "Thomas Sowell: Peerless Nerd, The truth about one of America's Giants". commentarymagazine.com. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
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  46. 1 2 Forbes, Steve (November 4, 2015). "Turning the Page on 2015". Forbes.com. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
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  48. 1 2 3 Joffe, Josef (March 1, 1995). "Nature, Nurture, Culture" . Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Turning The Page On 2015". Forbes. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  50. 1 2 Plaut, Steven (December 1, 1983). "Unconventional Truths". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
  51. ↑ Pinker, Steven (2002), The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, New York: Penguin Books, pp. 286–296
  52. ↑ Sailer, Steve (October 30, 2002). "Q&A with Steven Pinker, author of The Blank Slate". United Press International . Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  53. ↑ Haidt, Jonathan (2012), The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion, New York: Vintage Books, pp. 338–340
  54. ↑ Jenkins, Holman W. (June 29, 2012). "The Weekend Interview with Jonathan Haidt: He Knows Why We Fight". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  55. ↑ "Advantages for the advantaged". The Economist. 371 (8380): 83. June 19, 2004.
  56. ↑ "Book Reviews" (PDF). Cato Institute. 2004. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  57. ↑ "Clear Thinking on Race". National Review Online. National Review. 2013-04-16. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  58. ↑ Williams, Walter E. (October 13, 2015). "Wealth, Poverty and Politics". CNSNews.com . Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  59. ↑ Campbell, Colin (1981-09-18). "Black Economist Rides with the Reagan Victory Tide". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  60. ↑ Chachere, Bernadette P. (December 11, 2015). "The economics of Thomas Sowell: A critique of markets and minorities". The Review of Black Political Economy. 12 (2): 163–177. doi:10.1007/BF02873530.
  61. ↑ Wilson, William Julius (June 24, 1984). "Hurting the Disadvantaged". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  62. ↑ Coughlin, Richard M. (December 1995). "Book Reviews: Comparative Politics. "Race and Culture: A World View by Thomas Sowell"". American Political Science Review. 89 (4): 1064–1065. doi:10.2307/2082585. JSTOR   2082585.
  63. ↑ Ford, Richard Thompson (2013-10-11). "The Simple Falsehoods of Race". The American Interest. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  64. ↑ https://menckenawards.blogspot.com/2019/11/normal_13.html
  65. ↑ Jim Nelson Black (2004). "Freefall of the American university". Nashville WND Books .
  66. ↑ Thomas Sowell. "Hoover Institution – Fellows – Thomas Sowell". Hoover.org. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  67. ↑ "Hoover Fellow Thomas Sowell Receives Lysander Spooner Award for Applied Economics". Hoover Institution. March 11, 2004.
  68. ↑ "Economic Facts and Fallacies Summary". getAbstract. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
  69. ↑ Sowell, A Personal Odyssey, pp. 162–163, 253, 278.
  70. ↑ "Thomas Sowell Facts". biography.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
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