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Three Hundred Tang Poems | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 唐詩三百首 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 唐诗三百首 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Three Hundred Tang Poems (Chinese :唐詩三百首) is an anthology of poems from the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907). It was first compiled around 1763 by Sun Zhu (1722–1778 [1] ),who was a Qing Dynasty scholar and was also known as Hengtang Tuishi (蘅塘退士,"Retired Master of Hengtang"). Various later editions also exist. All editions contain slightly more than 300 total poems. [2] The number 300 (or more exactly 305) was a classic number for a poetry collection due to the influence of the Classic of Poetry (詩經,Shijing),which was generally known as The Three Hundred Poems. [1]
Dissatisfied with the anthology Poems by a Thousand Masters (千家詩,Qianjiashi) compiled by Liu Kezhuang in the late Southern Song,and influenced by Ming Dynasty poetry anthologies,Sun selected the poems based on their popularity and educational value. The collection has been popular ever since and can be found in many Chinese households. For centuries,elementary students memorized the poems and used them to learn to read and write. It contains poems by Du Fu,Li Bai,Wang Wei,Chen Zi'ang,Meng Haoran,Han Yu,Du Mu,Bai Juyi,Liu Changqing,Cen Shen,Wang Changling,Wei Yingwu,and more. [3] [4]
The original Qing Dynasty version of the 300 Tang Poems was organized by the poem's formal type, of which there were seven:
Out of 317 poems in one edition, 90 were in the gushi form and 227 were in the lüshi or the jueju forms. [5]
The poets of the Tang shi include a number of authors ranging from the well-known and famous to obscure or anonymous poets, and even include at least one emperor. The poet with the most pieces included in this collection is Du Fu, with thirty-nine. Li Bai is a close runner-up, with thirty-four. Wang Wei has twenty-nine poems included in the anthology and Li Shangyin has twenty-four. Meng Haoran has fifteen, Wei Yingwu twelve, Liu Changqing eleven, and Du Mu ten. After that, each of the other poets' included pieces number in the single digits; however, some of these poets are quite important, such as Liu Zongyuan or Bai Juyi. Some important poets,[ citation needed ] such as Li He, are not represented at all.
Name | Traditional | Simplified | Pinyin | Wade-Giles [note 1] | Dates [note 2] | Number of included pieces [note 3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bai Juyi | 白居易 | 白居易 | Bái Jūyì | Po Chü-i | 772–846 | 6 |
Cao Song | 曹松 | 曹松 | Cáo Sōng | Ts'ao Song | 830-903 | 1 |
Cen Shen | 岑參 | 岑参 | Cén Shēn | Ts'en Shen | 715–770 | 7 |
Chang Jian | 常建 | 常建 | Cháng Jiàn | Ch'ang Chien | 708–765? | 2 |
Chen Tao | 陳陶 | 陈陶 | Chén Táo | Ch'en T'ao | 824–882 | 1 |
Chen Zi'ang | 陳子昂 | 陈子昂 | Chén Zǐáng | Ch'en Tzǔ-ang | 661?–702 | 1 |
Cui Daorong | 崔道融 | 崔道融 | Cuī Dào Róng | Ts'ui Tao-jong | 880-907 | 3 |
Cui Hao | 崔顥 | 崔颢 | Cuī Hào | Ts'ui Hao | 704?–754 | 4 |
Cui Hu | 崔護 | 崔护 | Cuī Hù | Ts'ui Hu | 772-846 | 1 |
Cui Shu | 崔曙 | 崔曙 | Cuī Shǔ | Ts'ui Shu | 704–739 | 1 |
Cui Tu | 崔塗 | 崔涂 | Cuī Tú | Ts'ui T'u | 854–? | 2 |
Dai Shulun | 戴叔倫 | 戴叔伦 | Dài Shūlún | Tai Shu-lun | 732–789 | 1 |
Du Fu | 杜甫 | 杜甫 | Dù Fǔ | Tu Fu | 712–770 | 39 |
Du Mu | 杜牧 | 杜牧 | Dù Mù | Tu Mu | 803–852 | 10 |
Du Qiuniang (Lady Du Qiu) | 杜秋娘 | 杜秋娘 | Dù Qiūniáng | Tu Ch'iu-niang | ?–825? | 1 |
Du Shenyan | 杜審言 | 杜审言 | Dù Shěnyán | Tu Shen-yen | 646–708? | 1 |
Du Xunhe | 杜荀鶴 | 杜荀鹤 | Dù Xúnhè | Tu Hsün-hê | 846–904 | 1 |
Gao Pian | 高駢 | 高骈 | Gāo Pián | Kao Pian | 821-887 | 1 |
Gao Shi | 高適 | 高适 | Gāo Shì | Kao Shi | 716?–765 | 2 |
Gu Kuang | 顧況 | 顾况 | Gù Kuàng | Ku K'uang | 725—814 | 1 |
Han Hong | 韓翃 | 韩翃 | Hán Hóng | Han Hung | 754?-784? | 3 |
Han Wo | 韓偓 | 韩偓 | Hán Wò | Han Wo | 844–923 | 1 |
Han Yu | 韓愈 | 韩愈 | Hán Yù | Han Yü | 768–824 | 4 |
He Zhizhang | 賀知章 | 贺知章 | Hè Zhīzhāng | He Chih-chang | 659?–744 | 1 |
Hu Lingneng | 胡令能 | 胡令能 | Hú Lìngnéng | Hu Ling-Neng | 785-826 | 1 |
Huangfu Ran | 皇甫冉 | 皇甫冉 | Huángfǔ Rǎn | Huang-fu Jan | 716–769 | 1 |
Jia Dao | 賈島 | 贾岛 | Jiǎ Dǎo | Chia Tao | 779–843 | 1 |
Jiaoran | 皎然 | 皎然 | Jiǎorán | Chiao-jan | 730–799 | 1 |
Jin Changxu | 金昌緒 | 金昌绪 | Jīn Chāngxù | Chin Ch'ang-hsü | ? | 1 |
Li Bai (Li Po) | 李白 | 李白 | Lǐ Bái (Lǐ Bó) | Li Pai (Li Po) | 701–762 | 34 |
Li Duan | 李端 | 李端 | Lǐ Duān | Li Tuan | 743–782 | 1 |
Li He | 李賀 | 李贺 | Lǐ Hè | Li He | 790-816 | 2 |
Li Pin | 李頻 | 李频 | Lǐ Pín | Li P'in | 818–876 | 1 |
Li Qi | 李頎 | 李颀 | Lǐ Qí | Li Ch'i | 690–751 | 7 |
Li Qiao | 李峤 | 李嶠 | Lǐ Qiào | Li Ch'iao | 645-714 | 2 |
Li Shangyin | 李商隱 | 李商隐 | Lǐ Shāngyǐn | Li Shang-yin | 813?–858? | 24 |
Li Shen | 李紳 | 李绅 | Lǐ Shēn | Li Shen | 772-846 | 1 |
Li Yi | 李益 | 李益 | Lǐ Yì | Li I | 748?–827? | 3 |
Liu Changqing | 劉長卿 | 刘长卿 | Liú Chángqīng | Liu Chang-ch'ing | 710?–789? | 11 |
Liu Fangping | 劉方平 | 刘方平 | Liú Fāngping | Liu Fang-p'ing | mid 8th century | 2 |
Liu Shenxu | 劉眘虛 | 刘眘虚 | Liú Shènxū | Liu Shen-hsü | early 8th century | 1 |
Liu Yuxi | 劉禹錫 | 刘禹锡 | Liú Yǔxī | Liu Yü-hsi | 772–842 | 4 |
Liu Zhongyong | 柳中庸 | 柳中庸 | Liǔ Zhōngyōng | Liu Chung-yung | ?–775? | 1 |
Liu Zongyuan | 柳宗元 | 柳宗元 | Liǔ Zōngyuán | Liu Tsung-yüan | 773–819 | 5 |
Lu Lun | 盧綸 | 卢纶 | Lú Lún | Lu Lun | 739–799 | 6 |
Lu Guimeng | 陸龜蒙 | 陆龟蒙 | Lù Guīméng | Lu Kui-meng | ?-881 | 1 |
Luo Binwang | 駱賓王 | 骆宾王 | Luò Bīnwáng | Lo Pin-wang | 640?–684? | 1 |
Luo Yin | 羅隱 | 罗隐 | Luó Yǐn | Lo Yin | 833-910 | 2 |
Ma Dai | 馬戴 | 马戴 | Mǎ Dài | Ma Tai | 799–869 | 2 |
Meng Haoran | 孟浩然 | 孟浩然 | Mèng Hàorán | Meng Hao-jan | 689?–740 | 15 |
Meng Jiao | 孟郊 | 孟郊 | Mèng Jiāo | Meng Chiao | 751–814 | 2 |
Nie Yizhong | 聶夷中 | 聂夷中 | Niè Yízhōng | Nie YiChong | 837-884 | 1 |
Pei Di | 裴迪 | 裴迪 | Péi Dí | Pei Ti | 716?–? | 1 |
Qian Qi | 錢起 | 钱起 | Qián Qǐ | Ch'ien Ch'i | 722?–780? | 3 |
Qin Taoyu | 秦韜玉 | 秦韬玉 | Qín Tāoyù | Ch'in T'ao-yü | late 9th century | 1 |
Qiu Wei | 邱為 | 邱为 | Qiū Wéi | Ch'iu Wei | 694–789? | 1 |
Qiwu Qian | 綦毋潛 | 綦毋潜 | Qíwú Qián | Ch'i-wu Ch'ien | 692?–755? | 1 |
Quan Deyu | 權德輿 | 权德舆 | Quán Déyú | Ch'uan Tê-yu | 759–818 | 1 |
Rong Yu | 戎昱 | 戎昱 | Róng Yù | Jong Yu | 740-800 | 2 |
Shen Quanqi | 沈佺期 | 沈佺期 | Shěn Quánqī | Shên Ch'üan-ch'i | 650?–713? | 2 |
Shi Jianwu | 施肩吾 | 施肩吾 | Shī Jiānwú | Shi Chuan'wu | 780-861 | 1 |
Sikong Shu | 司空曙 | 司空曙 | Sī Kōngshǔ | Ssû-k'ung Shu | 720?–790? | 3 |
Song Zhiwen | 宋之問 | 宋之问 | Sòng Zhīwèn | Sung Chih-wên | 656?–712? | 1 |
Tang Xuanzong | 唐玄宗 | 唐玄宗 | Táng Xuánzōng | T'ang Hsüan-tsung | 685–762 | 1 |
Wang Bo | 王勃 | 王勃 | Wáng Bó | Wang Po | 649?–676 | 1 |
Wang Changling | 王昌齡 | 王昌龄 | Wáng Chānglíng | Wang Ch'ang-ling | 698–756 | 8 |
Wang Han | 王翰 | 王翰 | Wáng Hàn | Wang Han | 687-726 | 1 |
Wang Jia | 王駕 | 王驾 | Wáng Jià | Wang Chia | 851-? | 2 |
Wang Jian | 王建 | 王建 | Wáng Jiàn | Wang Chien | ?–830? | 1 |
Wang Wan | 王灣 | 王灣 | Wáng Wān | Wang Wan | 693–751 | 1 |
Wang Wei | 王維 | 王维 | Wáng Wéi | Wang Wei | 699–759 | 29 |
Wang Ya | 王涯 | 王涯 | Wáng Yá | Wang Ya | ?-835 | 1 |
Wang Zhihuan | 王之渙 | 王之涣 | Wáng Zhīhuàn | Wang Tsu-huan | 688–742 | 2 |
Wei Yingwu | 韋應物 | 韦应物 | Wéi Yìngwù | Wei Ying-wu | 737–792 | 12 |
Wei Zhuang | 韋莊 | 韦庄 | Wéi Zhuāng | Wei Chuang | 836–910 | 2 |
Wen Tingyun | 溫庭筠 | 温庭筠 | Wēn Tíngyún | Wen T'ing-yun | 812–870 | 4 |
Wu Mingshi (Anonymous) | 無名氏 | 无名氏 | Wúmíngshì | Wu-ming-shih | ? | 1 |
Xi Biren (Anonymous) [note 4] | 西鄙人 | 西鄙人 | Xī Bǐrén | Hsi-pi Jen | ? | 1 |
Xu Hun | 許渾 | 许浑 | Xǔ Hún | Hsü Hun | 791–858 | 2 |
Xue Feng | 薛逢 | 薛逢 | Xuē Féng | Hsueh Feng | mid 9th century | 1 |
Yu Hu | 於鵠 | 于鹄 | Yú Hú | Yü Hu | ?-814? | 3 |
Yu Shinan | 虞世南 | 虞世南 | Yù Shìnán | Yü Shi-Nan | 558-638 | 2 |
Yuan Jie | 元結 | 元结 | Yuán Jiē | Yüan Chieh | 723–772 | 2 |
Yuan Zhen | 元稹 | 元稹 | Yuán Zhěn | Yüan Chen | 779–831 | 4 |
Zhang Hu | 張祜 | 张祜 | Zhāng Hù | Chang Hu | 785 [6] [ better source needed ]–849?[ citation needed ] | 5 |
Zhang Ji from Hubei | 張繼 | 张继 | Zhāng Jì | Chang Chi | 715?–779? | 1 |
Zhang Ji from Jiangnan | 張籍 | 张籍 | Zhāng Jí | Chang Chi | 766–830? | 1 |
Zhang Jiuling | 張九齡 | 张九龄 | Zhāng Jiǔlíng | Chang Chiu-ling | 678?–740 | 5 |
Zhang Bi | 張泌 | 张泌 | Zhāng Bì | Chang Mi | late 9th century | 1 |
Zhang Qiao | 張喬 | 张喬 | Zhāng Qiáo | Chang Ch'iao | ? | 1 |
Zhang Xu | 張旭 | 张旭 | Zhāng Xù | Chang Hsü | 658?–747? | 1 |
Zhang Yue | 張說 | 张说 | Zhāng Yuè | Chang Yüe | 667-731 | 1 |
Zhang Zhihe | 張志和 | 张志和 | Zhāng Zhìhé | Chang Chi'he | 732-774 | 1 |
Zhang Zhongsu | 張仲素 | 张仲素 | Zhāng Zhōngsù | Chang Chong'su | 769-819 | 2 |
Zheng Gu | 鄭谷 | 郑谷 | Zhèng Gǔ | Cheng Hu | 849-911 | 1 |
Zheng Tian | 鄭畋 | 郑畋 | Zhèng Tián | Cheng T'ien | 824?–882? | 1 |
Zhu Qingyu | 朱慶餘 | 朱庆余 | Zhū Qìngyú | Chu Ch'ing-yü | early 9th century | 2 |
Zu Yong | 祖詠 | 祖咏 | Zǔ Yǒng | Tsu Yung | 699–746? | 2 |
The first complete translation of the Three Hundred Tang Poems into English was published as The Jade Mountain, translated by Witter Bynner and Jiang Kanghu. From 1929 through 1972 it went through ten editions. [3] A new translation of the anthology by Peter Harris was published in 2009. [7]
Li Bai, also known as Li Bo, courtesy name Taibai, was a Chinese poet, acclaimed from his own time to the present as a brilliant and romantic figure who took traditional poetic forms to new heights. He and his friend Du Fu (712–770) were two of the most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the Tang dynasty, which is often called the "Golden Age of Chinese Poetry". The expression "Three Wonders" denotes Li Bai's poetry, Pei Min's swordplay, and Zhang Xu's calligraphy.
Chinese poetry is poetry written, spoken, or chanted in the Chinese language. While this last term comprises Classical Chinese, Standard Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Yue Chinese, and other historical and vernacular forms of the language, its poetry generally falls into one of two primary types, Classical Chinese poetry and Modern Chinese poetry.
Classical Chinese poetry is traditional Chinese poetry written in Classical Chinese and typified by certain traditional forms, or modes; traditional genres; and connections with particular historical periods, such as the poetry of the Tang dynasty. The existence of classical Chinese poetry is documented at least as early as the publication of the Classic of Poetry (Shijing). Various combinations of forms and genres have developed over the ages. Many or most of these poetic forms were developed by the end of the Tang dynasty, in 907 CE.
Bai Juyi, courtesy name Letian (樂天), was a renowned Chinese poet and Tang dynasty government official. Many of his poems concern his career or observations made about everyday life, including as governor of three different provinces. He achieved fame as a writer of verse in a low-key, near vernacular style that was popular throughout China, in Korea and Japan.
Meng Haoran was a major Tang dynasty poet, and a somewhat older contemporary of Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu. Despite his brief pursuit of an official career, Meng Haoran mainly lived in and wrote about the area in which he was born and raised, in what is now Hubei province, China. Meng Haoran was a major influence on other contemporary and subsequent poets of the High Tang era because of his focus on nature as a main topic for poetry. Meng Haoran was also prominently featured in the Qing dynasty poetry anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems, having the fifth largest number of his poems included, for a total of fifteen, exceeded only by Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, and Li Shangyin. These poems of Meng Haoran were available in the English translations by Witter Bynner and Kiang Kanghu, by 1920, with the publication of The Jade Mountain. The Three Hundred Tang Poems also has two poems by Li Bai addressed to Meng Haoran, one in his praise and one written in farewell on the occasion of their parting company. Meng Haoran was also influential to Japanese poetry.
Shi and shih are romanizations of the character 詩/诗, the Chinese word for all poetry generally and across all languages.
Yuefu are Chinese poems composed in a folk song style. The term originally literally meant "Music Bureau", a reference to the imperial Chinese governmental organization(s) originally charged with collecting or writing the lyrics, later the term yuefu was applied to later literary imitations or adaptations of the Music Bureau's poems. The use of fu in yuefu is different from the other Chinese term fu that refers to a type of poetry or literature: although homonyms in English, the other fu is a rhapsodic poetry/prose form of literature.
Liu Yuxi was a Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist, active during the Tang dynasty.
Kanshi (漢詩) is a Japanese term for Chinese poetry in general as well as the Japanese poetry written in Chinese by Japanese poets. It literally means "Han poetry". Kanshi was the most popular form of poetry during the early Heian period in Japan among Japanese aristocrats and proliferated until the modern period.
Tang poetry refers to poetry written in or around the time of or in the characteristic style of China's Tang dynasty, and/or follows a certain style, often considered as the Golden Age of Chinese poetry. The Quan Tangshi includes over 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 authors. During the Tang dynasty, poetry continued to be an important part of social life at all levels of society. Scholars were required to master poetry for the civil service exams, but the art was theoretically available to everyone. This led to a large record of poetry and poets, a partial record of which survives today. The two most famous poets of the period were Li Bai and Du Fu. Through the Three Hundred Tang Poems, Tang poetry has remain familiar to educated Chinese in modern times.
Jueju, or Chinese quatrain, is a type of jintishi that grew popular among Chinese poets in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), although traceable to earlier origins. Jueju poems are always quatrains; or, more specifically, a matched pair of couplets, with each line consisting of five or seven syllables.
Wei Yingwu , courtesy name Yibo (義博), art name Xizhai (西齋), was a Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty. Twelve of Wei Yingwu's poems were included in the influential Three Hundred Tang Poems anthology. He was also known by his honorific name Wei Suzhou (韋蘇州), which was bestowed upon him as a result of his service as the governor of Suzhou.
Classical Chinese poetry forms are poetry forms or modes which typify the traditional Chinese poems written in Literary Chinese or Classical Chinese. Classical Chinese poetry has various characteristic forms, some attested to as early as the publication of the Classic of Poetry, dating from a traditionally, and roughly, estimated time of around 10th–7th century BCE. The term "forms" refers to various formal and technical aspects applied to poems: this includes such poetic characteristics as meter, rhythm, and other considerations such as vocabulary and style. These forms and modes are generally, but not invariably, independent of the Classical Chinese poetry genres. Many or most of these were developed by the time of the Tang Dynasty, and the use and development of Classical Chinese poetry and genres actively continued up until the May Fourth Movement, and still continues even today in the 21st century.
Qiu Wei (traditional Chinese: 邱為; simplified Chinese: 邱为; pinyin: Qiū Wéi, 694–789? was a Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, with one of his poems being included in the famous anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems.
Gushi, is one of the main poetry forms defined in Classical Chinese poetry, literally meaning "old poetry" or "old style poetry": gushi is a technical term for certain historically exemplary poems, together with later poetry composed in this formal style.
Lüshi refers to a specific form of Classical Chinese poetry verse form. One of the most important poetry forms of classical Chinese poetry, the lüshi refers to an eight-line regulated verse form with lines made up of five, six, or seven characters; thus:
Sun Zhu (1711–1778) was a Qing scholar. He was also known as Hengtang Tuishi and was the original compiler and editor of the anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems, a popular compilation of Tang poetry, partly designed as a study aid for students. An enduring classic, Sun Zhu's version has often been reprinted, often in revised or re-edited editions.