Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War

Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War
Isles of Scilly   Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
Date 30 March 1651 (1651-03-30) – 17 April 1986 (1986-04-17) (335 years, 2 weeks and 4 days) Location Isles of Scilly Result Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents
Isles of Scilly	Dutch Republic
Commanders and leaders
John Granville	Maarten Tromp
Casualties and losses
None	None

The Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War (Dutch : Driehonderdvijfendertigjarige Oorlog, Cornish : Bell a dri hans pymthek warn ugens) was an alleged state of war between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly (located off the southwest coast of Great Britain). It is said to have been extended by the lack of a peace treaty for 335 years without a single shot being fired, which would make it one of the world's longest wars, and a bloodless war. Despite the uncertain validity of the declaration of war, and thus uncertainty about whether or not a state of war ever actually existed, peace was finally declared in 1986, bringing an end to any hypothetical war that may have been legally considered to exist.

War

Origins

The origins of the war can be found in the English Civil War, fought between the Royalists and Parliamentarians from 1642 to 1651. ^[1] Oliver Cromwell had fought the Royalists to the edges of the Kingdom of England. In the West of Britain this meant that Cornwall was the last Royalist stronghold. In 1648, Cromwell pushed on until mainland Cornwall was in the hands of the Parliamentarians. The Royalist Navy was forced to retreat to the Isles of Scilly, which lay off the Cornish coast and were under the ownership of Royalist John Granville. ^[2]

Dutch Navy alliance

The navy of the United Provinces of the Netherlands was at the time allied with the Parliamentarians. The Netherlands had been assisted by the English under a number of rulers in the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), starting with Queen Elizabeth I. The Treaty of Münster (30 January 1648) had confirmed Dutch independence from Spain. The Netherlands sought to maintain their alliance with England and had chosen to ally with the Parliamentarians as the side likely to win the Civil War. ^[2]

The Dutch merchant navy was suffering heavy losses from the Royalist fleet based in Scilly. On 30 March 1651, Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp arrived in Scilly to demand reparation from the Royalist fleet for the Dutch ships and goods taken by them. ^[2]

According to Whitelocke's Memorials, a letter of 17 April 1651 explains: "Tromp came to Pendennis and related that he had been to Scilly to demand reparation for the Dutch ships and goods taken by them; and receiving no satisfactory answer, he had, according to his Commission, declared war on them." As most of England was now in Parliamentarian hands, war was declared specifically upon the Isles of Scilly. ^[3]

Royalist surrender

In June 1651, soon after the declaration of war, the Parliamentarian forces under Admiral Robert Blake forced the Royalist fleet to surrender. The Dutch fleet, no longer under threat, left without firing a shot. Due to the obscurity of one nation's declaration of war against a small part of another, the Dutch did not officially declare peace. ^[2] When the Dutch and the Commonwealth of England signed the Treaty of Westminster (1654), this separate state of war was not mentioned and thus not included in the peace.

Peace treaty

For many years in the Isles of Scilly, the local legend was that the state of war was still in effect. ^[4] In 1986, Roy Duncan, historian and Chairman of the Isles of Scilly Council, decided to investigate and wrote to the Dutch Embassy in London. Embassy staff found that no peace treaty had ever been signed, and Duncan invited the Dutch ambassador Jonkheer Rein Huydecoper to visit the islands and officially end the "conflict". Peace was declared on 17 April 1986, 335 years after the supposed declaration of war. The Dutch ambassador joked that it must have been horrifying to the Scillonians "to know we could have attacked at any moment." ^[5]

Authenticity

Bowley (2001) argues that the letter in Whitelocke's Memorials ^[6] is the probable origin of the "declaring war" legend: "Tromp had no 'Commission' from his government to declare war on the rebels in Scilly; but he did come to try –by a show of force, threats and even by violence perhaps, although this never happened –to seek reparation for Royalist piracies, but short of resorting to any action which might offend the Commonwealth even if [a war] had occurred in 1651, all matters pertaining would have been resolved in 1654 as a part of the treaty between England and the United Provinces at the end of the First Dutch War". ^[3]

The reality of this war is also disputed by Graeme Donald. In his book Loose Cannons: 101 Myths, Mishaps and Misadventurers of Military History he argues that no such war could have existed because neither side was sovereign: "Tromp was an admiral, not a nation, and Scilly part of England". He goes on to describe it as "a great PR coup for the island's tourist board". ^[7]

See also

• Cornwall portal

• List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity
• Arauco War (1536–1881), another example of a very long war
• Anglo–Zanzibar War, generally considered the world's shortest war

It's not true that no shots were fired. Shots were fired in 1667 when Admiral De Ruyter attacked the islands. He took the Island of St. Agnes as his base and mounted an attack on St. Marys. His ships came under the guns of the Garrison and Star Castle, and as they passed, the engagement began. However, the tide was against a landing on Porthmellon & Town Beach, so De Ruyter turned his ships around with the intention to try again later. Two Dutch vessels were reported as damaged during the fighting. The next day, a storm blew up, forcing the Dutch fleet out to sea, and there ended the only time the two exchanged fire. Calendar of State Papers, 1667.^{[ citation needed ]}

References

Notes

1. Hemmings, Jay (2 March 2019). "The Three Hundred & Thirty-Five Years' War – The Longest War in History". War History Online. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
2. Young-Brown, Fiona (19 January 2016). "The Longest War in the World Had No Casualties". Atlas Obscura . Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
3. Bowley, R. L. (2001). Scilly at War. Isles of Scilly, UK: Bowley Publications Ltd. pp. 37, 38 & 65. ISBN   0-900184-34-5.
4. "Dutch Proclaim End of War Against Britain's Scilly Isles". The New York Times. Associated Press. 18 April 1986. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
5. "Britain: Peace in Our Time". Time. 28 April 1986. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2015.(subscription required)
6. Whitelocke, Bulstrode (22 December 1888). "Lieut-Col Whitelocke". Notes and Queries . s7-VI (156): 487. doi:10.1093/nq/s7-vi.156.487e. ISSN   1471-6941. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
7. Graeme Donald (15 March 2011). Loose Cannons: 101 Things They Never Told You about Military History. Bloomsbury. p. 269. ISBN   9781849086493.

Bibliography

• "Scilly peace". The Times , 19 April 1986.

External links

• Duncan, Steve (27 April 2004). "335 Year War". Scilly Archive. Scilly News. Retrieved 30 July 2015.