Huế is a former provincial city of Vietnam. The city was the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam, located near the center of Vietnam. The original site was a Cham city known as Kandarpapura and later as Amarendrapura and was the capital of the Champa Kingdom from 192 to 605. On January 1, 2025, Thừa Thiên Huế province was upgraded to become Vietnam's sixth centrally-governed municipality, named Huế. The former provincial city was dissolved to establish two new urban districts: Phú Xuân district and Thuận Hóa district.
The Nguyễn dynasty was the last Vietnamese dynasty, preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruling unified Vietnam independently from 1802 until French protectorate in 1883. Its emperors were members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc. During its existence, the Nguyễn empire expanded into modern-day Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos through a continuation of the centuries-long Nam tiến and Siamese–Vietnamese wars. With the French conquest of Vietnam, the Nguyễn dynasty was forced to give up sovereignty over parts of Southern Vietnam to France in 1862 and 1874, and after 1883 the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the French protectorates of Annam as well as Tonkin. Backed by Imperial Japan, in 1945 the last Nguyễn emperor Bảo Đại abolished treaties with France and proclaimed the Empire of Vietnam for a short time until 25 August 1945.
The Lê dynasty, also known in historiography as the Later Lê dynasty, officially Đại Việt, was the longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, having ruled from 1428 to 1789, with an interregnum between 1527 and 1533. The Lê dynasty is divided into two historical periods: the Initial Lê dynasty before the usurpation by the Mạc dynasty, in which emperors ruled in their own right, and the Revival Lê dynasty, in which emperors were figures reigned under the auspices of the powerful Trịnh family. The Revival Lê dynasty was marked by two lengthy civil wars: the Lê–Mạc War (1533–1592) in which two dynasties battled for legitimacy in northern Vietnam and the Trịnh–Nguyễn Wars between the Trịnh lords in North and the Nguyễn lords of the South.
The Trịnh lords, formally titled as “Viceroy” of Trịnh also known as the House of Trịnh or the Trịnh clan, were a feudal noble clan that ruled Northern Vietnam—then called Tonkin—during the Later Lê dynasty. The Trịnh lords were de jure subordinates of the Lê dynasty emperors but were in actuality the de facto rulers of northern Vietnam.
The Nguyễn lords, also known as the Nguyễn clan, were Nguyễn dynasty's forerunner and a feudal noble clan ruling southern Đại Việt in the Revival Lê dynasty. The Nguyễn lords were members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc. The territory they ruled was known contemporarily as Đàng Trong and known by Europeans as the Kingdom of Cochinchina and as Kingdom of Quảng Nam by Imperial China, in opposition to the Trịnh lords ruling northern Đại Việt as Đàng Ngoài, known as the "Kingdom of Tonkin" by Europeans and "Kingdom of Annam" by Imperial China in bilateral diplomacy. They were officially entitled, in Sino-Vietnamese, the Nguyễn Vương in 1744 when lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát self-proclaimed himself to elevate his status equally to Trịnh lords's title known as the Trịnh Vương. Both Nguyễn and Trịnh clans were de jure subordinates and fief of the Lê dynasty. However, the de jure submission of the Nguyễn lords to the Trịnh lords ended in 1600.
The Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War was a 17th and 18th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam, the Trịnh lords of Đàng Ngoài and the Nguyễn lords of Đàng Trong, centered in today's Central Vietnam. The wars resulted in a long stalemate and century of peace before conflicts resumed in 1774 resulting in the emergence of the Tây Sơn forces following Trịnh Lords at the time, Nguyễn Lords collapsed in Saigon in 1777. During the division of Vietnam, Gianh River was used as the de facto border between both sides in peacetime.
Nguyen Kim was a Vietnamese statesman who was the ancestor of the famous Nguyễn Lords who later ruled south Vietnam. During his rule, the war with the Mạc dynasty started.
Emperor Quang Trung or Nguyễn Huệ, also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình, or Hồ Thơm was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dynasty, reigning from 1788 until 1792. He was also one of the most successful military commanders in Vietnam's history. Nguyễn Huệ and his brothers, Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Lữ, together known as the Tây Sơn brothers, were the leaders of the Tây Sơn rebellion. As rebels, they conquered Vietnam, overthrowing the imperial Later Lê dynasty and the two rival feudal houses of the Nguyễn in the south and the Trịnh in the north.
Phú Xuân (富春) was the historic capital of the Nguyễn lords, the Tây Sơn dynasty, and later became the Nguyễn dynasty's capital.
Đỗ Thanh Nhơn was an 18th-century Vietnamese military commander.
Đào Duy Từ was a Vietnamese scholar, poet, military adviser, and mandarin who served under the reign of Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên.
The 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected at the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The 11th Central Committee elected the 11th Politburo and the 11th Secretariat.
The Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa or Qing invasion of Đại Việt, also known as Victory of Kỷ Dậu, was fought between the forces of the Vietnamese Tây Sơn dynasty and the Qing dynasty in Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa in northern Vietnam from 1788 to 1789. It resulted in the failure of the Chinese to restore the last Lê emperor Chiêu Thống, who had been usurped by the Tây Sơn. It is considered one of the greatest victories in Vietnamese military history.
The House of Nguyễn Phúc, also known as the House of Nguyễn Phước, is a family and a branch of the surname Nguyễn in Vietnam. Its members were the Nguyễn lords and emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty (1802-45). Its Bảo Đại was also emperor of the State of Vietnam (1949-55) and Domain of the Crown (1950-55). Nguyễn Bặc (924-79), an official of the Đinh dynasty, was its founder.
On 27 January 2016, the 12th National Congress elected 180 individuals to serve as members of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) for the electoral term 2016–2021. The Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution in the CPV and Vietnam when the Party's National Congress and the Politburo are adjourned. In between congresses, the Central Committee is responsible for organising and directing the implementation of the Party's Political Platform, Charter, and resolutions adopted at the National Congress. Furthermore, it adopts guidelines and policies in all relevant fields, domestic or foreign. In addition, the sitting Central Committee is responsible for convening the next National Congress. Members of the Central Committee have the right to elect and remove the General Secretary of the Central Committee as well as members of the Politburo, the Secretariat and the Central Inspection Commission (CIC). When the Central Committee is not in session, it delegates its powers to these three elected organs which then report on their activities the next time the Central Committee convenes for a meeting. Central Committee members are responsible to and report on their work to the Central Committee.
The 10th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam was elected at the 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The 10th Central Committee elected the 10th Politburo and the 10th Secretariat.
The Lê–Mạc War was a civil war waged between two Vietnamese dynasties, the Mạc and Revival Lê, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of Vietnamese history.
The Tây Sơn wars or Tây Sơn rebellion, often known as the Vietnamese civil war of 1771–1802, were a series of military conflicts that followed the Vietnamese peasant uprising at Tây Sơn that was led by three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ. These revolutionary forces grew and later overthrew the ruling Vietnamese elite families and the ruling dynasty. The Tây Sơn leaders installed themselves as rulers of Vietnam that held power until they were overthrown by Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, a descendant of the Nguyễn lord who was previously overthrown by the Tây Sơn. The war ended in 1802 when Nguyễn Phúc Ánh defeated the Tây Sơn and reunited Đại Việt, then renamed the country to Vietnam.
The abdication of Bảo Đại took place on 25 August 1945 and marked the end of the 143-year reign of the Nguyễn dynasty over Vietnam ending the Vietnamese monarchy. The fall of the Nguyễn dynasty also led to the fall of its Empire of Vietnam, de facto controlled by Japan. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated in response to the August Revolution. A ceremony was held handing power over to the newly established Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was established during the end of World War II in Asia as Vietnam had been occupied by French and later Japanese imperialists.
The government of the Nguyễn dynasty, officially the Southern dynasty and commonly referred to as the Huế Court, centred around the emperor as the absolute monarch, surrounded by various imperial agencies and ministries which stayed under the emperor's presidency. Following the signing of the Patenôtre Treaty the French took over a lot of control and while the government of the Nguyễn dynasty still nominally ruled the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, in reality the French maintained control over these territories and the Nguyễn government became subsidiary to the administration of French Indochina. During World War II the Japanese launched a coup d'état ousting the French and establishing the Empire of Vietnam which was ruled by the Nguyễn government. During the August Revolution the Nguyễn government was abolished in the aftermath of World War II.
