Tibetan numerals

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Tibetan numerals is the numeral system of the Tibetan script and a variety of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. It is used in the Tibetan language [1] [2] and has a base-10 counting system. [3] The Mongolian numerals were also developed from the Tibetan numerals. [4] [5]

Contents

Cardinal numbers

Arabic numeralTibetan numeralTibetan wordRomanisation
0ཀླད་ཀོར་laykor
1གཅིག་chigk [t͡ɕi˥˩]
2གཉིས་nyi [ȵiː˥]
3གསུམ་sum [sum˥]
4བཞི་shi [ɕi˩˧]
5ལྔ་nga [ŋa˥]
6དྲུག་trug [ʈ͡ʂʰu˩˧˨]
7བདུན་dün [tỹ˩˧]
8བརྒྱད་gyay [cɛː˩˧˨]
9དགུ་gu [ku˩˧]

Extended numbers

Arabic numeralTibetan numeralTibetan wordRomanisation
10༡༠བཅུ་chu
11༡༡བཅུ་གཅིག་chu chigk
12༡༢བཅུ་གཉིས་chu nyi
13༡༣བཅུ་གསུམ་chuk sum
14༡༤བཅུ་བཞི་chu shi
15༡༥བཅོ་ལྔ་cho nga
16༡༦བཅུ་དྲུག་chu druk
17༡༧བཅུ་བདུན་chup dün
18༡༨བཅོ་བརྒྱདcho gyay
19༡༩བཅུ་དགུ་chu gu
20༢༠ཉི་ཤུ་nyi shu
21༢༡ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཅིགnyi shu tsa chigk
30༣༠སུམ་ཅུsum ju
31༣༡སུམ་བུ་སོ་གཅིགsum ju so chigk
40༤༠བཞི་བཅུship ju
41༤༡བཞི་བཅུ་ཞེ་གཅིགship ju shey chigk
50༥༠ལྔ་བཅུngap ju
51༥༡ལྔ་བཅུ་ང་གཅིགngap ju nga chigk
60༦༠དྲུག་ཅུtrug chu
61༦༡དྲུག་ཅུ་རེ་གཅིགtrug chu rey chigk
70༧༠བདུན་ཅུdün ju
71༧༡བདུན་ཅུ་དོན་གཅིགdün ju dön chigk
80༨༠བརྒྱད་ཅུgyay ju
81༨༡བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཅིགgyay ju gya chigk
90༩༠དགུ་བཅུgup ju
91༩༡དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་གཅིགgup ju go chigk
100༡༠༠བརྒྱ་gya
282༢༨༢ཉིས་བརྒྱ་དང་བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཉིསnyi gya dang gyay ju gya nyi
1,000༡༠༠༠སྟོང་tong
3,047༣༠༤༧སུམ་སྟོང་བརྒྱ་མེད་དང་བཞི་བཅུ་ཞེ་བདུནsum tong gya mey dang ship ju shey dün
10,000༡༠༠༠༠ཁྲི་thri
1,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠ས་ཡ་sa ya
10,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠བྱེ་བ་che wa
100,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠དུང་ཕྱུར་dung chur
1,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཐེར་འབུམ་ther pum
10,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཐེར་འབུམ་ཆེན་པོ་ther pum chen po
100,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་thrag trig
1,000,000,000,000༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་ཆེན་པོ་thrag trig chen po

Tibetan numbers greater than 20 use a numerical interfix to connect the first and second digit. These particles are unique for each set of 10: རྩ for 21-29, སོ for 31-39 , ཞེ for 41-49 , ང for 51-59 , རེ for 61-69 , དོན for 71-79, གྱ for 81-89, and གོ for 91-99. In written Tibetan, ཉེར may be used in place of རྩ. Since each particle corresponds to a unique value of ten, the interfix can be used in place of using the full name of the second digit (e.g. སོ་གཉིས for 32 instead of སུམ་བཅུ་སོ་གཉིས). Interfixes are not used for numbers that end in 0. Additionally, one may emphasize that a number ends in zero by appending ཐམ་པ to the end (e.g. བཞི་བཅུ་ཐམ་པ, བརྒྱ་ཐམ་པ). Numbers in the third digit are separated from second or first digit using the particle དང when written and ར when spoken (e.g ཉིས་བརྒྱ་དང་བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཉིས or ཉིས་བརྒྱ་ར་བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཉིས for 282). If the third digit is zero in a four digit or larger number, this is represented with the phrase བརྒྱ་མེད, literally "without hundred" (e.g. ཉིས་སྟོང་བརྒྱ་མེད་དང་ཉི་ཤུ་ཉེར་ལྔ).

Ordinals

Arabic numeralTibetan numeralTibetan ordinal wordRomanisation
1དང་པོ་dang po [tʰaŋ˩˧ko˥]
2གཉིས་པ་nyi pa
3གསུམ་པ་sum pa
4བཞི་པ་shi pa
5ལྔ་པ་nga pa
6དྲུག་པ་trug pa
7བདུན་པ་dün pa
8བརྒྱད་པ་gyay pa
9དགུ་པ་gu pa
10༡༠བཅུ་པ་chu pa

Fractions

7 1/2 -skar postage stamp, the evidence for the
.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","DDC Uchen","DDC Jogyig","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}
7.5 symbol being used for 7.5. Tibet 7 half skar.jpg
7½-skar postage stamp, the evidence for the symbol being used for 7.5.

Several slashed forms of Tibetan numerals are included in Unicode to represent fractions. However, their exact meaning and authenticity are unclear. [6]

Tibetan fractions
Values-0.50.51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.5

See also

References

  1. "Tibetan (བོད་སྐད)". Omniglot. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  2. "Numbers in Tibetan". Omniglot. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  3. Tournadre, Nicolas; Dorje, Sangda (2003). Manual of Standard Tibetan: Language and civilization. Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications. ISBN   1559391898. OCLC   53477676.
  4. Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521878180.
  5. "The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  6. 1 2 "Numbers that Don't Add up – Tibetan Half Digits". BabelStone. Retrieved 4 December 2022.