Tiburcio Carías Andino (5 March 1876 –23 December 1969) was a Honduran politician and military officer with the rank of Major General. Thirty-eighth president of the Republic of Honduras,constitutional period from 1924 and thereafter in the form of a dictatorial regime for 1933 until 1949. He was elected president of Honduras in the midst of a deep world depression. He strengthened the Armed Forces,maintained the support of the banana companies by opposing strikes,and kept the country in strict adherence to debt payments.
Tiburcio Carias Andino was born in the Republic of Honduras on March 15,1876. His parents were Calixto Carias Galindo and Sara Francisca Andino Rivera. During his childhood Doctor and General Tiburcio Carias Andino is appointed Director of the Boys' School,and professor at the “El Porvenir”institute,where he taught Mathematics classes. After graduating from high school he studied criminal law in the faculty of jurisprudence and political science at the Central University of Honduras. During February 15,1905. Doctor and General Tiburcio Carias Andino,was part of the Hospital de Occidente Project until the completion of its building. Among the personalities that volunteered to work in the realization of this Hospital Center were:Doctor Ramón López Cobos,Doctor Ciro Mora,Doctor Francisco Bueso Cuéllar,Doctor Filadelfo Bueso,Doctor JJ Jones,Doctor Ramón López Cobos,Doctor Jesús H. Medina,Jerónimo J. Reina,Doctor Vicente Mejía Colindres,Carlos Gauggel,a German citizen,Engineer Manuel Bueso Pineda,Monsignor Emilio Morales Roque,Doctor Julio C. Bueso Cáceres. The Hospital worked thanks to activities and economic contributions from both the people until in 1940 there was a study by the Executive Branch to take charge of health care.
Military career
General Carias Andino (seventh from the right) along with Vicente Tosta Carrasco,using his military uniform during the peace negotiations of 1924 after the end of the second Honduran civil war.
In 1907,Carias fought alongside the liberal forces and in the “Battle of Lizapa”he was promoted to General. Miguel Rafael Dávila Cuéllar assumed the presidency of the republic and appointed Carias,as Governor of the Copán Department,in 1907–1908.
On April 5,1908,the Society of Craftsmen "El Porvenir" was founded by Carias,who served as its president. The co-founders included Ramón Hernández,Salvador Lara,Benjamín Escobar,Juan Castrillo,Antonio Selva,Abraham Mejía,Coronado Ramírez,JoséFrancisco Urquía Tabora,Francisco Barnica,Andrés Ramírez,Manuel Cartagena,Jeremías Cobos,Pedro Martínez,Atilio Sánchez,Albino Santos,Jesús Erazo,Vicente Vega,Vicente Maldonado,Luciano Casaca,Porfirio Santos,Gregorio Bautista,Ramón Tabora,Maximiliano B. Rosales,Manuel Zepeda,Leopoldo F. Orellana,Manuel Chávez,Federico Castro,Francisco González. On May 26,1912,the said organization was renamed the Copaneca Workers' Society. In 1912 General Manuel Bonilla Chirinos,assumed the presidency of Honduras for the second time,although with identical ideologies they were adversaries with Carias. in 1914,the candidate of the National Party of Honduras was Francisco Bertrand Barahona and the national writer:Alberto de Jesús Membreño,a position he assumed as provisional between 1915 and 1916,upon the retirement of President Barahona.
Carias would become famous as a military leader during the Honduran civil wars of 1919 and 1924. During this time he would be promoted to the rank of general. During the "vindicating revolution" in 1924 he would lead several military offensives. After the Second Civil War had the presidency of Honduras for a very short time,however General Carias Andino would be appointed as "Chief of the revolution" would assume for the second time the brief power between March 24 to April 28,1924.
Paralero to this Fausto Dávila former minister of the López Gutiérrez government,he would continue with the administration for a week. Later,on the cruise ship "USS Denver" negotiations began between the revolutionaries and the government,after which General Vicente Tosta Carrasco was appointed Provisional President,under whose regime General Gregorio Ferrera took up arms. Once the civil wars were over,he already had a great military experience on the battlefield,this led to an important position in the government of Honduras,he would run for president of Honduras for the rest of the decade without any victory,although that would not stop him from trying to reach power.
Becoming president
Carías became a general during the Second Civil War in 1924.[citation needed] In the 1923 elections,Carías was a candidate for the National Party against the divided Liberals,but only won a plurality of the vote.[citation needed] The resulting deadlock was followed by disturbances,and elections the following year saw Miguel Paz Barahona of the National Party elected,although Carías was able to exercise a degree of influence during Barahona's presidency.[citation needed] In 1928,Carías was the National Party's candidate but lost to Vicente Mejía Colindres of the Liberal Party.[citation needed] He accepted the result,as the election had been comparatively free and fair,marking a then-rare peaceful transfer of power between the two major parties.[citation needed] He was the President of National Congress of Honduras from 1926 to 1929,and from 1930 to 1931.[1]
On 1 February 1933 he became President of Honduras again,this time for 16 years.[citation needed] Despite growing unrest and severe economic strains,the 1932 Honduran presidential elections were relatively peaceful and fair.[2] The peaceful transition of power was surprising because the onset of the Great Depression had led to the overthrow of governments elsewhere throughout Latin America,in nations with much stronger democratic traditions than those of Honduras.[2]Vicente Mejía,however,resisted pressure from his own party to manipulate the results to favor the Liberal party candidate,JoséÁngel Zúñiga Huete.[2] As a result,the National Party candidate,Carías,won the election by a margin of some 20,000 votes.[2] On 16 November 1932,Carías assumed office,beginning what was to be the longest period of continuous rule by an individual in Honduran history.[2]
Lacking,however,was any immediate indication that the Carías administration was destined to survive any longer than most of its predecessors.[2] Shortly before Carías's inauguration,dissidentLiberals,despite the opposition of Vicente Mejía,had risen in revolt.[2] Carías had taken command of the government forces,obtained arms from El Salvador,and crushed the uprising in short order.[2] Most of Carías's first term in office was devoted to efforts to avoid financial collapse,improve the military,engage in a limited program of road building,and lay the foundations for prolonging his own hold on power.[2]
1930s
The economic situation remained extremely bad throughout the 1930s.[2] In addition to the dramatic drop in banana exports caused by the Great Depression,the fruit industry was further threatened by the outbreak in 1935 of epidemics of Panama disease and Black sigatoka in the banana-producing areas.[2] Within a year,most of the country's production was threatened.[2] Large areas,including most of those around Trujillo were abandoned,and thousands of Hondurans were thrown out of work.[2] By 1937 a means of controlling the disease had been found,but many of the affected areas remained out of production because a significant share of the market formerly held by Honduras had shifted to other nations.[2]
Carías had made efforts to improve the military even before he became president.[2] Once in office,both his capacity and his motivation to continue and to expand such improvements increased.[2] He gave special attention to the fledgling air force,founding the Military Aviation School in 1934 and arranging for a United States colonel to serve as its commandant.[2]
As months passed,Carías moved slowly but steadily to strengthen his hold on power. He gained the support of the banana companies through opposition to strikes and other labor disturbances.[2] He strengthened his position with domestic and foreign financial circles through conservative economic policies.[2] Even in the height of the depression,he continued to make regular payments on the Honduran debt,adhering strictly to the terms of the arrangement with the British bondholders and also satisfying other creditors.[2] Two small loans were paid off completely in 1935.[2]
Increase in political power
In 1935,political controls were instituted slowly under Carías.[2] The Communist Party of Honduras (Partido Comunista de Honduras—PCH) was outlawed,but the Liberal Party continued to function,and even the leaders of a small uprising in 1935 were later offered free air transportation should they wish to return to Honduras from their exile abroad.[2] At the end of 1935,however,stressing the need for peace and internal order,Carías began to crack down on the opposition press and political activities.[2] Meanwhile,the National Party,at the president's direction,began a propaganda campaign stressing that only the continuance of Carías in office could give the nation continued peace and order.[2] The constitution,however,prohibited immediate reelection of presidents.[2]
The method chosen by Carías to extend his term of office was to call a constituent assembly that would write a new constitution and select the individual to serve for the first presidential term under that document.[2] Except for the president's desire to perpetuate himself in office,there seemed little reason to alter the nation's basic charter.[2] Earlier constituent assemblies had written thirteen constitutions (only ten of which had entered into force),and the latest had been adopted in 1924.[2] The handpicked Constituent Assembly of 1936 incorporated thirty of the articles of the 1924 document into the 1936 constitution.[2] The major changes were the elimination of the prohibition on immediate reelection of a president and vice president and the extension of the presidential term from four to six years.[2] Other changes included restoration of the death penalty,reductions in the powers of the legislature,and denial of citizenship and therefore the right to vote to women.[2] Finally,the new constitution included an article specifying that the incumbent president and vice president would remain in office until 1943. But Carías,by then a virtual dictator,wanted even more,so in 1939 the legislature,now completely controlled by the National Party,obediently extended his term in office by another six years (to 1949).[2]
The Liberals and other opponents of the government reacted to these changes by attempting to overthrow Carías.[2] Numerous efforts were made in 1936 and 1937,but all were successful only in further weakening the National Party's opponents.[2] By the end of the 1930s,the National Party was the only organized functioning political party in the nation.[2] Numerous opposition leaders had been imprisoned,and some had reportedly been chained and put to work in the streets of Tegucigalpa.[2] Others,including the leader of the Liberal Party,Ángel Zúñiga,had fled into exile.[2]
During his presidency,Carías cultivated close relations with his fellow Central American dictators,generals Jorge Ubico in Guatemala,Maximiliano Hernández in El Salvador,and Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua.[2] Relations were particularly close with Ubico,who helped Carías reorganize his secret police and also captured and shot the leader of a Honduran uprising who had made the mistake of crossing into Guatemalan territory.[2] Relations with Nicaragua were somewhat more strained as a result of the continuing border dispute,but Carías and Somoza managed to keep this dispute under control throughout the 1930s and 1940s.[2]
Begin of El Cariato regime
Carias Andino now as a dictator walking out of the presidential house accompanied by military officers and his cabinet.
Political control was institutionalized little by little under the command of Carías,there was a great anti-communist campaign and therefore the Communist Party of Honduras was declared illegal,but the Liberal Party continued to function and the leaders of the 1935 revolt,who were asylum seekers. Abroad,they were offered free passages to return to the country by means of air flights if they so wished,however by the end of 1935,trying to appease the political activities against their government and maintain the internal peace of the country,brutally repressed and censored newspapers,journalists,and political leaders.
The regime of the Cariato was characterized as a highly nationalistic and militaristic dictatorship,where the ideal of the Honduran model citizen was exacerbated. It is known that General Carias was a sympathizer of fascism and had admiration for Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany,to the extent that both regimes served as patrons for his government from 1938 onwards.[3][4] Carias was not shy about sending letters to the dictator Adolf Hitler after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Reich and the Republic of Honduras were normalized in 1936. In the same way he did to the Japanese emperor Hirohito in 1937.[5] Similar to fascist movements in the European context,General Carias He sought to create a national identity based on a mythical and idealized past,in this case extolling the Honduran mestizo identity as heir people of the Mayan civilization,due to this in his government the excavations of the cities of Copan and El Puente began.
1940s
Despite the fact that the general maintained diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany,Fascist Italy,and the Empire of Japan,he had to declare war on the Axis after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Thus,Honduras was known as one of the Latin American countries allied to the United States of America. In 1941 after the Japanese attack on the US bases stationed in Pearl Harbor,the northern country declared war on the "German-Japanese Axis",as would its Honduran friend,who also contributed soldiers and marines to the ranks,also the Force. Honduran Air patrolled the coasts of the Caribbean Sea near Mexico in search of German submarines;Apart from this,the Doctor and General Carías Andino "did not tremble" to expel the German consul Christian Zinsser from Honduras,considering him "the fifth column in Central America and with ties to the Gestapo."
Carias Andino during the independence day celebartions.
The value of the ties between the Carías government and nearby dictatorial regimes became somewhat questionable in 1944 when popular revolts in Guatemala and El Salvador deposed Ubico and Hernández.[2] For a time,it seemed as if revolutionary contagion might spread to Honduras as well.[2] A plot,involving some military officers as well as opposition civilians,had already been discovered and crushed in late 1943.[2] In May 1944,a group of women began demonstrating outside of the Presidential Palace in Tegucigalpa,demanding the release of political prisoners.[2] Despite strong government measures,tension continued to grow and Carías was ultimately forced to release some prisoners.[2] This gesture failed to satisfy the opposition and anti-government demonstrations continued to spread.[2] In July several demonstrators were killed by troops in San Pedro Sula.[2] In October a group of exiles invaded Honduras from El Salvador but were unsuccessful in their efforts to topple the government.[2] The military remained loyal and Carías continued in office.[2]
Eager to curb further disorders in the region,the United States began to urge Carías to step aside and allow free elections when his current term in office expired.[2] Carías,who by then was in his early seventies,ultimately yielded to these pressures and announced October 1948 elections,in which he would refrain from being a candidate.[2] He continued,however,to find ways to use his power.[2] The National Party nominated Carías's choice for president,Juan Manuel Gálvez,who had been minister of war since 1933.[2] Exiled opposition figures were allowed to return to Honduras,and the Liberals,trying to overcome years of inactivity and division,nominated Ángel Zúñiga,the same individual whom Carías had defeated in 1932.[2] The Liberals rapidly became convinced that they had no chance to win and,charging the government with manipulation of the electoral process,boycotted the elections.[2] This act gave Gálvez a virtually unopposed victory,and in January 1949 he assumed the presidency.[2]
In 1954,the incumbent President Gálvez had intended to step aside and allow a free and fair contest.[citation needed] Carías intended to return to the presidency,but his candidacy caused a split in the ruling National Party.[citation needed] The Liberal candidate Ramón Villeda Morales won a plurality,but short of a majority (a result echoing the elections of 1902 and 1923),resulting in a deadlock.[citation needed] Vice President Julio Lozano Díaz seized power in a coup,abruptly ending three decades of stable government in Honduras,of which Carías had been president for 16 of those years.[citation needed]
Crimes
Corpses from the 1944 massacre.
The dictatorship of General Carias Andino,like other regimes in Latin America,was not exempt from having several human rights violations in its history. El Cariato was characterized mainly by heavy censorship in the media as the government supervised the press and radio and brutality against unarmed civilians by the armed forces. One of the ethnic groups most affected by the policies imposed during this period was the Garífuna community,being constantly silenced and attacked by the military forces. The Tela massacre that occurred in 1937 against the Garífuna population,ordered by Carías himself,stands out. Another highly remembered crime was the so-called "San Pedro Sula massacre" that occurred on July 6,1944,after the military forces repressed unarmed citizens of San Pedro with acts of brutality who had started a protest in the streets of the city demanding their resignation. More than 70 deaths were registered and a still unknown number of hundreds of wounded by military repression,among them the elderly and women.[6]
Another aspect was the torture at the hands of the military in the different prisons to prisoners,most of whom were political opponents,who became saturated with prisoners at one point during his mandate. Many of the workers in the plantations and mines lived in subhuman conditions with little electricity,water or enough food and their work was a condition of near slavery and more than plantation centers and miners they were more similar to concentration camps or forced labor. as some prisoners were also sent to these areas to work as an alternative option instead of staying in penal centers.[7] Also,much of the country's infrastructure was built with the labor of prisoners,mostly political and civil opponents.
Legacy
Evaluating the Carías presidency is a difficult task.[2] His tenure in office provided the nation with a badly needed period of relative peace and order.[2] The country's fiscal situation improved steadily,education improved slightly,the road network expanded,and the armed forces were modernized.[2] At the same time,nascent democratic institutions withered,opposition and labor activities were suppressed and national interests at times were sacrificed to benefit supporters and relatives of Carías or major foreign interests.[2]
Honduras was inhabited by many indigenous peoples when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The western-central part of Honduras was inhabited by the Lencas,the central north coast by the Tol,the area east and west of Trujillo by the Pech,the Maya and Sumo. These autonomous groups maintained commercial relationships with each other and with other populations as distant as Panama and Mexico. Honduras has ruins of several cities dating from the Mesoamerican pre-classic period that show the pre-Columbian past of the country.
The Armed Forces of Honduras,consists of the Honduran Army,Honduran Navy and Honduran Air Force.
Carlos Roberto Reina Idiáquez was a Honduran politician,lawyer and diplomat who served as the President of Honduras from 1994 to 1998. He was a member of the Honduran Liberal Party.
Vicente Mejía Colindres was President of Honduras between 16 September and 5 October 1919;and again between 1 February 1929 and 1 February 1933.
Doctor Francisco Bueso Cuéllar was acting president of Honduras for less than two months,from 10 March to 27 April 1924.
Vicente Tosta Carrasco was provisional President of Honduras for ten months,from 30 April 1924 through 1 February 1925.
This article is about the history of Honduras from 1838 to 1932. Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras,which became the modern-day state of Belize.
Authoritarian General Tiburcio Carias Andino controlled Honduras during the Great Depression,until 1948. In 1955—after two authoritarian administrations and a general strike initiated by banana workers—young military reformists staged a coup that installed a provisional junta and paved the way for constituent assembly elections in 1957. This assembly appointed Ramón Villeda Morales as president and transformed itself into a national legislature with a 6-year term.
Direct popular general elections were scheduled in Honduras for 13 October 1963.
General elections were held in Honduras on 28 October 1932. Voters went to the polls to elect a new President of the Republic and a new Congress.
General elections were held in Honduras on 28 October 1928. Vicente Mejía Colindres of the Liberal Party was re-elected as president,becoming the first incumbent to be re-elected in peaceful and contested elections.
General elections were held in Honduras on 28–30 December 1924. Miguel Paz Barahona was elected president and his National Party won all but one of the seats in Congress.
General elections were held in Honduras between 27 and 29 October 1923. Tiburcio Carías Andino won the presidential election with 47.1% of the vote. However,as no candidate had received an absolute majority in the public vote,Congress would vote on the candidates. However,Congress did not meet again until 1 January the following year. In December President Rafael López Gutiérrez declared a state of siege,suspended the constitution,and announced that he would remain in office in order to keep the peace. Although Congress was dominated by the two liberal parties,they did not want Carías,but also could not agree on a common candidate.
Modesto Rodas Alvarado was a prominent Honduran lawyer and politician who served as President of the National Congress of Honduras between 1957 and 1963.
The Presidential Palace of Honduras is the official residence of the President of the Republic of Honduras. Currently the President resides in the Palacio JoséCecilio del Valle.
Visitación Padilla was an educator and feminist activist.
Ana Rosalinda García Carías is a Honduran lawyer and First Lady of Honduras as the wife of President Juan Orlando Hernández.
The First Honduran Civil War or Revolution of 19 was an armed conflict that took place in the Republic of Honduras in 1919. This was the first conflict in Honduran soil were the weapons and technological advances of the 19th century were felted.
The Second Honduran Civil War or the Reclamation Revolution was the armed conflict that took place in the Republic of Honduras in 1924. This was the first conflict in Honduras where airplanes were used for aerial bombardment,and new war tactics inherited from the First World War were employed.
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