Tick–tock model

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Tick–tock was a production model adopted in 2007 by chip manufacturer Intel. Under this model, every new process technology was first used to manufacture a die shrink of a proven microarchitecture (tick), followed by a new microarchitecture on the now-proven process (tock). It was replaced by the process–architecture–optimization model, which was announced in 2016 and is like a tick–tock cycle followed by an optimization phase. More generally, tick–tock is an engineering model which refreshes one half of a binary system each release cycle.

Contents

History

Every "tick" represented a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture (with minor changes, commonly to the caches, and rarely introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell in late 2014) and every "tock" designated a new microarchitecture. [1] These occurred roughly every year to 18 months. [1]

Due to the slowing rate of process improvements, in 2014 Intel created a "tock refresh" of a tock in the form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture [2] not considered a new generation in and of itself. In March 2016, Intel announced in a Form 10-K report that it would always do this in future, deprecating the tick–tock cycle in favor of a three-step process–architecture–optimization model, under which three generations of processors are produced under a single manufacturing process, with the third generation out of three focusing on optimization. [3]

After introducing the Skylake architecture on a 14 nm process in 2015, its first optimization was Kaby Lake in 2016. Intel then announced a second optimization, Coffee Lake, in 2017 [4] making a total of four generations at 14 nm [5] before the Palm Cove die shrink to 10 nm in 2018.

Roadmap

Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon roadmap

Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon roadmap
Change
(step)		 Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step		Intel
Generation
Desktop/Mobile		Intel
Generation
Xeon		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS [6] [7] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server		Release
date		Processors
8P/4P Server4P/2P Server/WSEmbedded Xeon1P XeonEnthusiast/WSDesktopMobile
Tick
(new fabrica-
tion process)		 65 nm P6, NetBurst Yonah (P6),
Presler (NetBurst),
Cedar Mill (NetBurst)		—1995-11-1 (P6),
2000-11-20 (NetBurst)		——— Presler (NetBurst) Cedar Mill (NetBurst) Yonah (P6)
Tock
(new micro-
architecture)		 Core Merom [8] 2006-07-27 [9] [10] Tigerton Woodcrest
Clovertown 		Kentsfield Conroe Merom
Tick 45 nm Penryn 2007-11-11 [11] Dunnington Harpertown Yorkfield Wolfdale Penryn
Tock Nehalem Nehalem 1—NHM [12] —2008-11-17 [13] Beckton Gainestown Lynnfield Bloomfield Lynnfield Clarksfield
Tick 32 nm Westmere 1WSM [12] 2010-01-04 [14] [15] Westmere-EX Westmere-EP — Gulftown Clarkdale Arrandale
Tock Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge 21 (E3/E5)SNBJKT (Jaketown)2011-01-09 [16] Skipped [17] Sandy Bridge-EP GladdenSandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-E Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-M
Tick 22 nm [18] Ivy Bridge 32 (E3/E5/E7)IVBIVT (Ivytown)2012-04-29Ivy Bridge-EX [19] Ivy Bridge-EP [19] GladdenIvy BridgeIvy Bridge-E [20] Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-M
Tock Haswell Haswell 43 (E3/E5/E7)HSW, CRW (Crystal Well)
with Iris Pro [21] [22] 		HSX2013-06-02Haswell-EXHaswell-EP—Haswell-DTHaswell-EHaswell-DT [23] Haswell-MB (notebooks)
Haswell-LP (ultrabooks) [23]
Refresh Haswell Refresh,
Devil's Canyon [24] 		——2014-05-11,
2014-06-02		No server version releasedDevil's CanyonNo mobile version
released
Tick (Process) 14 nm [18] Broadwell [25] 54 (E3/E5/E7)BDWBDX2014-09-05Broadwell-EX [26] Broadwell-EP [26] Broadwell-DEBroadwell-DT Broadwell-E Broadwell-DT Broadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Tock (Architecture) Skylake [25] Skylake [25] 65 (E3)
1 (SP)
W-2100
W-31xx		SKL
SKL-S
SKL-X
SKL-H
SKL-U
SKL-Y
SKL-D
SKL-DT		SKX2015-08-05 [27] Skylake-SP Skylake-DESkylake-D/DT/H Skylake-X Skylake Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Optimization
(Refresh)
[3] [28] [29] [30] 		Kaby Lake [31] 76 (E3)KBL—2017-01-03 [32] Only 1P server (Xeon E3) version released Kaby Lake-DT/H
cores: 4 (4/8)		 Kaby Lake-X [33] Kaby Lake Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake R [34] [35] 8—KBL-R2017-08-21 [35] Only mobile version releasedKaby Lake R
Coffee Lake 8 [36] E-2100CFL
CFL-S
CFL-E
CFL-H
CFL-U		2017-10-05 [37] Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Coffee Lake-H Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-E)No WS version released Coffee Lake-S Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Whiskey Lake,
Amber Lake [38] 		8—WHL
AML		2018-08-28 [38] Only mobile version released Whiskey Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Skylake (Skylake-X Refresh)9 ?2018-10-08 [39] Only WS version releasedSkylake XOnly WS version released
Coffee Lake (Coffee Lake Refresh)9 [36] E-2200CFL-R
CFL-ER
CFL-HR		—2018-10-08, [40] 2019-04-23 [41] Only 1P server (Xeon E) version releasedCoffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-ER)No WS version released Coffee Lake-R Coffee Lake-H Refresh
Cascade Lake 102 (SP)
W-2200
W-3200		CSLCXL2019-04-02 [42] Cascade Lake-SP Cascade Lake-AP — Cascade Lake-W
Cascade Lake-X 		Only server / WS version released
Comet Lake, [43] Amber Lake10—CML
AML		—2019-08-21 [43] No server version released Comet Lake-W Comet Lake-S Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Cascade Lake (Cascade Lake Refresh)—2 (SP)— ?2020-02-24 [44] Cascade Lake ROnly server version released
Cooper Lake —3 (SP)—CPL
CPL-SP		2020-06-18 [45] Cooper Lake-SP Only 8P/4P server version released
Architecture Cypress Cove [46] Rocket Lake [46] 11E-2300RKL—2021-03-30 [47] — Rocket Lake-E Rocket Lake-W Rocket Lake-S —
Process 10 nm Palm Cove Cannon Lake 8—CNL2018-05-16 [48] Only mobile version released Cannon Lake-U
Architecture Sunny Cove Ice Lake [49] 103 (SP)ICLICX [50]
ICL-SP [50] 		2019-08-01 [51] — Ice Lake-SP (2021-04-06) [50] Ice Lake-D (April 2021)— Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-Y
Optimization [30] Willow Cove Tiger Lake [30] 11—TGL—2020-09-02 [52] Only mobile version releasedTiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
Architecture Intel 7 Golden Cove Alder Lake 12ADL2021-11-04No server / WS version released Alder Lake-S Alder Lake-HX
Alder Lake-H
Alder Lake-P
Alder Lake-U
Sapphire Rapids [53] —4 (SP)
W-2400
W-3400		—SPR2023-01-10 Sapphire Rapids-SP Sapphire Rapids-HBM
Sapphire Rapids-SP		— Sapphire Rapids-WS Only server / WS version released
Optimization Raptor Cove Raptor Lake 13—RPL—2022-10-20No server / WS version released Raptor Lake-S Raptor Lake-HX
Raptor Lake-H
Raptor Lake-P
Raptor Lake-U
Raptor Lake [54] (Raptor Lake Refresh)14E-2400RPL-R2023-10-17Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released Raptor Lake-E — Raptor Lake-S Refresh —
—2024-01-08Mobile processors refreshed Raptor Lake-HX Refresh
Core Series 1 Raptor Lake-U Refresh
Emerald Rapids —5 (SP)—EMR2023-12-14 Emerald Rapids-SP Only server version released
Tick Intel 4 [55] Redwood Cove Meteor Lake [56] Core Ultra (Series 1)—MTL—2023-12-14Only mobile version released Meteor Lake-H
Meteor Lake-U
Tick Intel 3 Granite Rapids [57] —Xeon 6 (SP)—GNR2024-09-24 [58] — Granite Rapids-AP —Only server / WS version released
2025 Q1 [58] [59] Granite Rapids-SP
2025 [60] — Granite Rapids-D
Tick Intel 20A Lion Cove Arrow Lake [61] 15 (informally)
Core Ultra 200S
Core Ultra (Series 2)		—ARL—2024-10-03[ disputed – discuss ]No server / WS version released Arrow Lake-S —
Core Ultra 200H
Core Ultra 200HX
Intel Core Ultra H & HX Series [62] 		2025 Q1 [62] — Arrow Lake-HX
Arrow Lake-H
TickIntel 18A Lunar Lake Core Ultra 200V
Core Ultra (Series 2)		—LNL—2024-09-03[ disputed – discuss ]Only mobile version released Lunar Lake-V
Change
(step)		 Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step		Intel
Generation
Desktop		Intel
Generation
Xeon		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS [6] [7] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server		Release
date		8P/4P Server4P/2P Server/WSEmbedded Xeon1P XeonEnthusiast/WSDesktopMobile
Processors

Atom roadmap

With Silvermont Intel tried to start Tick-Tock in Atom architecture but problems with the 10 nm process did not allow to do this. In the table below instead of Tick-Tock steps Process-Architecture-Optimization are used. There is no official confirmation that Intel uses Process-Architecture-Optimization for Atom but it allows us to understand what changes happened in each generation.

Atom roadmap [63]
Change Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture
(Abbr.) [12] 		Code names
for step		Release
date		Processors/SoCs
MID, SmartphoneTabletNetbookNettopEmbeddedServerCE
Process / Architecture 45 nm Bonnell (BNL) Bonnell 2008 Silverthorne — Diamondville ———
Optimization Bonnell 2010 Lincroft Pineview Tunnel Creek
Stellarton		— Sodaville
Groveland
Process 32 nm Saltwell2011Medfield (Penwell & Lexington) & Clover Trail+ (Cloverview)Clover Trail (Cloverview)Cedar Trail (Cedarview)— Centerton & Briarwood Berryville
Process / Architecture 22 nm Silvermont (SLM) Silvermont 2013Merrifield (Tangier) [64] & Moorefield (Anniedale) [65] & SlaytonBay Trail-T
(Valleyview)		Bay Trail-M
(Valleyview)		Bay Trail-D
(Valleyview)		Bay Trail-I
(Valleyview)		Avoton
Rangeley		Un­known
Process 14 nm [63] Airmont2014Binghamton & RivertonCherry Trail-T (Cherryview) [66] Braswell [67] Denverton
Cancelled cross.svgCancelled		Un­known
Architecture Goldmont [68]
(GLM)		 Goldmont 2016Broxton Cancelled cross.svgCancelledBroxton Cancelled cross.svgCancelled
Apollo Lake		Apollo LakeApollo LakeUn­knownDenvertonUn­known
Architecture Goldmont Plus
(GLM+, GLP)		 Goldmont Plus 2017Un­knownGemini LakeGemini LakeGemini LakeUn­knownUn­knownUn­known
Optimization Goldmont Plus 2019Un­knownGemini Lake RefreshGemini Lake RefreshGemini Lake RefreshUn­knownUn­knownUn­known
Process / Architecture 10 nm Tremont Tremont 2020Un­knownJasper LakeJasper LakeJasper LakeElkhart LakeSnow RidgeUn­known
Architecture Intel 7 Gracemont Gracemont 2021Un­knownUn­known Alder Lake & Raptor Lake (hybrid)Un­knownUn­known
Process / Architecture Intel 4 CrestmontCrestmont2023Un­knownUn­knownMeteor Lake [69] (hybrid) Sierra Forest-SP
Sierra Forest-AP 		Un­known

Note: There is further the Xeon Phi. It has up to now undergone four development steps with a current top model that got the code name Knights Landing (shortcut: KNL; [12] the predecessor code names all had the leading term Knights in their name) that is derived from the Silvermont architecture as used for the Intel Atom series but realized in a shrunk 14 nm (FinFET) technology. [70] In 2018, Intel announced that Knights Landing and all further Xeon Phi CPU models were discontinued. [71] However, Intel's Sierra Forest and subsequent Atom-based Xeon CPUs are likely a spiritual successor to Xeon Phi.

Both

See also

Related Research Articles

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