Tick–tock model

Last updated

Tick–tock was a production model adopted in 2007 by chip manufacturer Intel. Under this model, every microarchitecture change (tock) was followed by a die shrink of the process technology (tick). It was replaced by the process–architecture–optimization model, which was announced in 2016 and is like a tick–tock cycle followed by an optimization phase. As a general engineering model, tick-tock is a model that refreshes one side of a binary system each release cycle.

Contents

History

Every "tick" represented a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture (sometimes introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell, released in late 2014) and every "tock" designated a new microarchitecture. [1] These occurred roughly every year to 18 months. [2] In 2014, Intel created a "tock refresh" of a tock in the form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture [3] not considered a new generation in and of itself.

In March 2016, Intel announced in a Form 10-K report that it deprecated the tick–tock cycle in favor of a three-step process–architecture–optimization model, under which three generations of processors are produced under a single manufacturing process, with the third generation out of three focusing on optimization. [4] The first optimization of the Skylake architecture was Kaby Lake. Intel then announced a second optimization, Coffee Lake, [5] making a total of four generations at 14 nm. [6]

Roadmap

Change
(step)		 Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture 		Code names
for step		Intel
Generation
Desktop		Intel
Generation
Xeon		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS [7] [8] 		Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server		Release
date		Processors
8P/4P Server4P/2P Server/WSEmbedded Xeon1P XeonEnthusiast/​WSDesktopMobile
Tick
(new fabrica-
tion process)		 65 nm P6, NetBurst Presler,
Cedar Mill,
Yonah 		1995-11-1 (P6),
2000-11-20 (Netburst)		 Presler Cedar Mill Yonah
Tock
(new micro-
architecture)		 Core Merom [9] 2006-07-27 [10] [11] Tigerton Woodcrest
Clovertown 		Kentsfield Conroe Merom
Tick 45 nm Penryn 2007-11-11 [12] Dunnington Harpertown Yorkfield Wolfdale Penryn
Tock Nehalem Nehalem 1N/ANHM [13] 2008-11-17 [14] Beckton Gainestown Lynnfield Bloomfield Lynnfield Clarksfield
Tick 32 nm Westmere 1N/AWSM [13] 2010-01-04 [15] [16] Westmere-EX Westmere-EP Gulftown Clarkdale Arrandale
Tock Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge 21SNBJKT (Jaketown)2011-01-09 [17] (Skipped) [18] Sandy Bridge-EP GladdenSandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-E Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-M
Tick 22 nm [19] Ivy Bridge 32IVBIVT (Ivytown)2012-04-29Ivy Bridge-EX [20] Ivy Bridge-EP [20] GladdenIvy BridgeIvy Bridge-E [21] Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-M
Tock Haswell Haswell 43HSW, CRW (Crystal Well)
with Iris Pro [22] [23] 		HSX2013-06-02Haswell-EXHaswell-EPN/AHaswell-DTHaswell-EHaswell-DT [24] Haswell-MB (notebooks)
Haswell-LP (ultrabooks) [24]
Refresh Haswell Refresh,
Devil's Canyon [25] 		4N/AHSW, CRW (Crystal Well)
with Iris Pro [22] [23] 		2014-05-11,
2014-06-02		No server version releasedDevil's CanyonNo mobile version
released
Tick 14 nm [19] Broadwell [26] 54BDWBDX2014-09-05Broadwell-EX [27] Broadwell-EP [27] Broadwell-DEBroadwell-DTBroadwell-EBroadwell-DTBroadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Tock Skylake [26] Skylake [26] 65SKLSKX2015-08-05 [28] Skylake-SPSkylake-DESkylake-DT/HSkylake-X Skylake Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Optimizations
(refreshes)
[4] [29] [30] [31] 		Kaby Lake [32] 76KBL2017-01-03 [33] Only 1P server (Xeon E3) version released Kaby Lake-DT/H
cores: 4 (4/8)		Kaby Lake-X [34] Kaby Lake Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake R [35] [36] 8N/AKBL-R2017-08-21 [36] Only mobile version releasedKaby Lake R
Coffee Lake 8, 9 [37] E-2xxxCFL2017-10-05 [38] Cascade Lake-SP
Cooper Lake (Q2'20)		 Cascade Lake-AP Coffee Lake-DT/H
cores: 6 (12)		Skylake-X Refresh Coffee Lake-S
Coffee Lake-R 		Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Coffee Lake-H Refresh
Whiskey Lake,
Amber Lake [39] 		8N/AWHL
AML		2018-08-28 [39] Only mobile version releasedWhiskey Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Comet Lake [40] 10N/ACML2019-08-21 [40] No server version released Comet Lake-W Comet Lake-S Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Process Cannon Lake 8N/ACNL2018-05-16 [41] Only mobile version releasedCannon Lake-U
ArchitectureCypress Cove [42] Rocket Lake [42] 12N/AN/A1Q21Rocket Lake
10 nm [43] Sunny Cove Ice Lake [44] 10ICL2019-08-01 [45] Ice Lake-SP (1H21) [46] Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-Y
Optimization [31] Tiger Lake [31] 11N/ATGL2020-09-02 [47] Only mobile version releasedTiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
Process Sapphire Rapids [48] Sapphire Rapids (2021)
Architecture 7 nm [43] Granite Rapids
Optimization
Process
Architecture 5 nm [43]
Optimization

Atom roadmap

Atom roadmap [49]
Fabri­cation
process 		Micro-
architecture
(Abbr.) [13] 		Code names
for step		Release
date		Processors/SoCs
MID, SmartphoneTabletNetbookNettopEmbeddedServerCommunicationCE
Tick 45 nm Bonnell
(BNL)		 Bonnell ?2008 Silverthorne N/A Diamondville Tunnel Creek & StellartonN/A Sodaville
Tock Bonnell ?2010 Lincroft Pineview Groveland
Tick 32 nm Saltwell2011Medfield (Penwell & Lexington) & Clover Trail+ (Cloverview)Clover Trail (Cloverview)Cedar Trail (Cedarview)Un­known Centerton & BriarwoodUn­known Berryville
Tick 22 nm Silvermont
(SLM)		 Silvermont 2013Merrifield (Tangier) [50] & Moorefield (Anniedale) [51] & SlaytonBay Trail-T (Valleyview)Bay Trail-M (Valleyview)Bay Trail-D (Valleyview)Bay Trail-I (Valleyview)AvotonRangeleyUn­known
Tick 14 nm [49] Airmont2014Binghamton & RivertonCherry Trail-T (Cherryview) [52] Braswell [53] Denverton
Cancelled cross.svgCancelled		Un­knownUn­known
Tock Goldmont [54]
(GLM)		 Goldmont 2016Broxton Cancelled cross.svgCancelledBroxton Cancelled cross.svgCancelled
Apollo Lake		Apollo LakeApollo LakeUn­knownDenvertonUn­knownUn­known

Note: There is further the Xeon Phi. It has up to now undergone four development steps with a current top model that got the code name Knights Landing (shortcut: KNL; [13] the predecessor code names all had the leading term Knights in their name) that is derived from the Silvermont architecture as used for the Intel Atom series but realized in a shrunk 14 nm (FinFET) technology. [55]

Both

See also

Related Research Articles

Hyper-threading

Hyper-threading is Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT) implementation used to improve parallelization of computations performed on x86 microprocessors. It was introduced on Xeon server processors in February 2002 and on Pentium 4 desktop processors in November 2002. Since then, Intel has included this technology in Itanium, Atom, and Core 'i' Series CPUs, among others.

Pentium Brand of microprocessors produced by Intel

Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel since 1993. In their form as of November 2011, Pentium processors are considered entry-level products that Intel rates as "two stars", meaning that they are above the low-end Atom and Celeron series, but below the faster Intel Core lineup, and workstation Xeon series.

Intel Core Brand name that Intel uses for various mid-range to high-end consumer and business microprocessors

Intel Core are streamlined midrange consumer, workstation and enthusiast computers central processing units (CPU) marketed by Intel Corporation. These processors displaced the existing mid- to high-end Pentium processors at the time of their introduction, moving the Pentium to the entry level, and bumping the Celeron series of processors to the low end. Identical or more capable versions of Core processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation markets.

In Intel's Tick-Tock cycle, the 2007/2008 "Tick" was the shrink of the Core microarchitecture to 45 nanometers as CPUID model 23. In Core 2 processors, it is used with the code names Penryn, Wolfdale and Yorkfield, some of which are also sold as Celeron, Pentium and Xeon processors. In the Xeon brand, the Wolfdale-DP and Harpertown code names are used for LGA 771 based MCMs with two or four active Wolfdale cores.

Skylake (microarchitecture)

Skylake is the codename used by Intel for a processor microarchitecture that was launched in August 2015 succeeding the Broadwell microarchitecture. Skylake is a microarchitecture redesign using the same 14 nm manufacturing process technology as its predecessor, serving as a "tock" in Intel's "tick–tock" manufacturing and design model. According to Intel, the redesign brings greater CPU and GPU performance and reduced power consumption. Skylake CPUs share their microarchitecture with Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Cannon Lake, Whiskey Lake, and Comet Lake CPUs.

Westmere (microarchitecture)

Westmere is the code name given to the 32 nm die shrink of Nehalem. While sharing the same CPU sockets, Westmere included Intel HD Graphics, while Nehalem did not.

Cannon Lake is Intel's codename for the 10-nanometer die shrink of the Kaby Lake microarchitecture. As a die shrink, Cannon Lake is a new process in Intel's "Process-Architecture-Optimization" execution plan as the next step in semiconductor fabrication. Cannon Lake CPUs are the first mainstream CPUs to include the AVX-512 instruction set.

Broadwell (microarchitecture)

Broadwell is the fifth model generation of Intel Processor. It's Intel's codename for the 14 nanometer die shrink of its Haswell microarchitecture. It is a "tick" in Intel's tick–tock principle as the next step in semiconductor fabrication. Like some of the previous tick-tock iterations, Broadwell did not completely replace the full range of CPUs from the previous microarchitecture (Haswell), as there were no low-end desktop CPUs based on Broadwell.

Silvermont is a microarchitecture for low-power Atom, Celeron and Pentium branded processors used in systems on a chip (SoCs) made by Intel. Silvermont forms the basis for a total of four SoC families:

LGA 1151

LGA 1151, also known as Socket H4, is an Intel microprocessor compatible socket which comes in two distinct versions: the first revision which supports both Intel's Skylake and Kaby Lake CPUs, and the second revision which supports Coffee Lake CPUs exclusively.

Kaby Lake is Intel's codename for its seventh generation Core microprocessor family announced on August 30, 2016. Like the preceding Skylake, Kaby Lake is produced using a 14 nanometer manufacturing process technology. Breaking with Intel's previous "tick–tock" manufacturing and design model, Kaby Lake represents the optimized step of the newer process–architecture–optimization model. Kaby Lake began shipping to manufacturers and OEMs in the second quarter of 2016, and mobile chips have started shipping while Kaby Lake (desktop) chips were officially launched in January 2017.

Ice Lake is Intel's codename for the 10th generation Intel Core mobile processors based on the new Sunny Cove Core microarchitecture. Ice Lake represents an Architecture step in Intel's Process-Architecture-Optimization model. Ice Lake CPUs are sold together with the 14 nm Comet Lake CPUs as Intel's "10th Generation Core" product family.

Coffee Lake Eighth-generation Intel Core microprocessor family

Coffee Lake is Intel's codename for its eighth generation Core microprocessor family, announced on September 25, 2017. It is manufactured using Intel's second 14 nm process node refinement. Desktop Coffee Lake processors introduced i5 and i7 CPUs featuring six cores and Core i3 CPUs with four cores and no hyperthreading.

Sapphire Rapids is the Intel CPU microarchitecture based on the 3rd refinement of the 10 nanometer process. It will be used as part of the Eagle Stream server platform in 2021.

Goldmont Plus is a microarchitecture for low-power Atom, Celeron and Pentium Silver branded processors used in systems on a chip (SoCs) made by Intel. The Gemini Lake platform with 14 nm Goldmont Plus core was officially launched on December 11, 2017. Intel launched Gemini Lake Refresh platform on November 4, 2019.

Cascade Lake is an Intel codename for a 14 nanometer server, workstation and enthusiast processor microarchitecture, launched in April 2019. In Intel's Process-Architecture-Optimization model, Cascade Lake is an optimization of Skylake. Intel states that this will be their first microarchitecture to support 3D XPoint-based memory modules. It also features Deep Learning Boost instructions and mitigations for Meltdown and Spectre. Intel officially launched new Xeon Scalable SKUs on February 24, 2020.

Process–architecture–optimization is a development model for central processing units (CPUs) that Intel adopted in 2016. Under this three-phase (three-year) model, every microprocessor die shrink is followed by a microarchitecture change and then by an optimization. It replaced the two-phase (two-year) tick–tock model that Intel adopted in 2006. The tick–tock model was no longer economically sustainable, according to Intel, because production of ever smaller dies becomes ever more costly.

Whiskey Lake is Intel's codename for a family of third 14 nm generation Skylake low-power mobile processors. Intel announced Whiskey Lake on August 28, 2018.

Comet Lake is Intel's codename for its 10th generation Core microprocessors. They are manufactured using Intel's third 14 nm Skylake process refinement, succeeding the Whiskey Lake U-series mobile processor and Coffee Lake desktop processor families. Intel announced low-power mobile Comet Lake-U CPUs on August 21, 2019, H-series mobile CPUs on April 2, 2020, desktop Comet Lake-S CPUs April 30, 2020, and Xeon W-1200 series workstation CPUs on May 13, 2020. Comet Lake processors and Ice Lake 10 nm processors are together branded as the Intel "10th Generation Core" family.

References

  1. ↑ "Intel Tick–Tock Model". Intel.com. Intel Corporation.
  2. ↑ "Intel tick–tock model". intel.com. Intel Corporation. Retrieved 2014-11-02. A yearly product cadence moves the industry forward in a predictable fashion that can be planned in advance.
  3. ↑ "Intel Haswell Refresh Processors Codenamed Devil's Canyon - Launching in Mid 2014 With Unlocked Design and Improved TIM". Wccftech.com. 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  4. 1 2 "Intel's 'Tick–Tock' Seemingly Dead, Becomes 'Process–Architecture–Optimization'". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  5. ↑ "Intel Official News on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  6. ↑ "Intel's 8th-gen 'Coffee Lake' chips reuse 14nm process as other Core CPUs ease into new tech". PC World. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  7. ↑ Intel Releases Linux CPU Microcodes To fix Meltdown & Spectre Bugs by Lawrence Abrams on January 11, 2018
  8. ↑ Linux* Processor Microcode Data File Version 20180312 on 3/12/2018
  9. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (2009-02-10). "Intel moves up rollout of new chips | Nanotech - The Circuits Blog". CNet.com. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
  10. ↑ "Intel CEO: Latest Platforms, Processors Form New Foundations For Digital Entertainment And Wireless Computing". Intel.com. Intel Corporation.
  11. ↑ "Intel Unveils World's Best Processor". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation.
  12. ↑ "Intel Unveils 16 Next-Generation Processors, Including First Notebook Chips Built on 45nm Technology". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation. January 7, 2008.
  13. 1 2 3 4 https://github.com/gz/rust-x86/blob/master/x86data/perfmon_data/mapfile.csv
  14. ↑ "Intel Launches Fastest Processor on the Planet". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation. November 17, 2008.
  15. ↑ Bohr, Mark (February 10, 2009). "Intel 32nm Technology" (PDF). Intel.com. Intel Corporation. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Revolutionizing How We Use Technology—Today and Beyond". Intel.com. Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation.
  17. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (November 15, 2010). "Intel Sandy Bridge chip coming January 5". CNet.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  18. ↑ Pop, Sebastian (April 9, 2012). "Intel Ivy Bridge CPU Range Complete by Next Year". Softpedia.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  19. 1 2 Bohr, Mark; Mistry, Kaizad (May 2011). "Intel's Revolutionary 22 nm Transistor Technology" (PDF). Intel.com. Intel Corporation. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  20. 1 2 Novakovic, Nebojsa (April 9, 2012). "Ivy Bridge EP and EX coming up in a year's time – the multi-socket platform heaven". VR-Zone.com. VR Zone AP Pte. Ltd. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  21. ↑ Knight, Shawn (March 19, 2012). "Ivy Bridge-E Delayed Until Second Half of 2013". techspot.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  22. 1 2 Products formerly Crystal Well at Intel web page
  23. 1 2 What is Crystalwell? by Matt Egan on OCT 31, 2013 at macworld.com
  24. 1 2 "Leaked specifications of Haswell GT1/GT2/GT3 IGP". TechNewsPedia.com. 2012-05-20. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
  25. ↑ "Intel Core i7-4790K: Devils Canyon mit bis zu 4,4 GHz, ohne verlöteten Deckel" [Intel Core i7-4790K: Devils Canyon with up to 4.4 GHz, without soldered lid]. golem.de (in German). June 3, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  26. 1 2 3 Demerjian, Charlie (March 31, 2011). "After Intel's Haswell comes Broadwell". SemiAccurate.com. Stone Arch Networking Services, Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  27. 1 2 Shilov, Anton (August 21, 2015). "Intel to release 22-core Xeon E5 v4 'Broadwell-EP' late in 2015". KitGuru.net. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  28. ↑ Carey, Gabe (July 7, 2015). "The wait for Skylake is almost over, first desktop chips likely to hit August 5". DigitalTrends.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Intel 14nm Kaby Lake "Skylake Refresh" Platform Detailed – Launching in 2H 2016, 256 MB eDRAM H-Series and 91W K-Series Unveiled". wccftech.com. July 2015. The Kaby Lake platform will be similar to Skylake platform that launches this year and will act as a platform refresher
  30. ↑ "Intel Releasing 14nm Kaby Lake Processor in 2016 Ahead of 10nm Cannonlake". legitreviews.com. 2015-07-08. We have long known that Intel was planning a ‘Skylake Refresh’ that has always been on the roadmap between Skylake and Cannonlake, but it appears that refresh might be going by the code name Kaby lake now.
  31. 1 2 3 Mujtaba, Hassan (January 20, 2016). "Intel's Cannonlake CPUs To Be Succeeded By 10nm Ice Lake Family in 2018 and 10nm Tiger Lake Family in 2019". WCCFTech.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  32. ↑ Bright, Peter (July 15, 2015). "Intel confirms tick–tock shattering Kaby Lake processor as Moore's Law falters". ArsTechnica.com. the switch to 10nm manufacturing has been delayed until the second half of 2017.
  33. ↑ Walton, Jarred (January 4, 2017). "Intel's Kaby Lake: Everything you need to know". PCGamer.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017. Today marks the official launch date of the desktop S-series 7th Generation Core processors...
  34. ↑ "Intel® Core™ X-series Processors Product Specifications". Intel® ARK (Product Specs). Retrieved 2017-10-05.
  35. ↑ Products formerly Kaby Lake R
  36. 1 2 Ngo, Allen (August 21, 2017). "Intel Core i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, and i7-8650U Kaby Lake-R series launches today". Notebookcheck. Intel Core i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, and i7-8650U Kaby Lake-R launches today (Source: Intel)
  37. ↑ "Products formerly Coffee Lake".
  38. ↑ "Intel Unveils the 8th Gen Intel Core Processor Family for Desktop, Featuring Intel's Best Gaming Processor Ever | Intel Newsroom". Intel Newsroom. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
  39. 1 2 "New 8th Gen Intel Core Processors Optimize Connectivity, Great Performance, Battery Life for Laptops | Intel Newsroom". Intel Newsroom. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
  40. 1 2 "Intel Expands 10th Gen Intel Core Mobile Processor Family, Offering Double Digit Performance Gains". Intel Newsroom. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  41. ↑ Tyson, Mark. "Intel Core i3-8121U 10nm processor hits ARK database". HEXUS.net. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
  42. 1 2 "Intel Previews 11th Gen Core Rocket Lake: Core i9-11900K and Z590, Coming Q1". 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  43. 1 2 3 Tyson, Mark (2012-05-15). "Intel currently developing 14nm, aiming towards 5nm chips". HEXUS.net. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
  44. ↑ Eassa, Ashraf (January 18, 2016). "What's the Name of Intel's Third 10-Nanometer Chip? This Fool has learned the code name of the follow-on to Intel's Icelake processor". Fool.com; The Motley Fool . Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Intel Launches First 10th Gen Intel Core Processors: Redefining the Next Era of Laptop Experiences" . Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  46. ↑ "Intel Confirms 10nm Ice Lake Xeon Production Has Started" . Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  47. ↑ "Intel Launches World's Best Processor for Thin-and-Light Laptops: 11th Gen Intel Core" . Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  48. ↑ "Intel Confirms 10nm Ice Lake Xeon Production Has Started" . Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  49. 1 2 Lal Shimpi, Anand (May 6, 2013). "Intel's Silvermont Architecture Revealed: Getting Serious About Mobile". AnandTech.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  50. ↑ Hiroshige, Goto. "Intel Products for Tablets & SmartPhones" (PDF). Impress.co.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-14.
  51. ↑ "Import Data and Price of Anniedale". zauba.com. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  52. ↑ Kazuaki Kasahara (November 30, 2012). "アウトオブオーダーと最新プロセスを採用する今後のAtom" [Future Atom adopting out-of-order and latest process]. Impress.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  53. ↑ "Products (Formerly Braswell)". Ark.Intel.com. Intel Corporation. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  54. ↑ Smith, Ryan; Cutress, Ian (29 April 2016). "Intel's Changing Future: Smartphone SoCs Broxton & SoFIA Officially Canceled". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  55. ↑ Intel veröffentlicht Xeon Phi mit bis zu 7 Teraflops
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.