Tilapia

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Oreochromis-niloticus-Nairobi.JPG
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Tilapia production time series.png
Global harvest of tilapia in million tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1950–2009 [1]

Tilapia ( /tɪˈlɑːpiə/ tih-LAH-pee-ə) is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the coelotilapine, coptodonine, heterotilapine, oreochromine, pelmatolapiine, and tilapiine tribes (formerly all were "Tilapiini"), with the economically most important species placed in the Coptodonini and Oreochromini. [2] Tilapia are mainly freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found living in brackish water. Historically, they have been of major importance in artisanal fishing in Africa, and they are of increasing importance in aquaculture and aquaponics. Tilapia can become a problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats such as Australia, [3] whether deliberately or accidentally introduced, but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cold water.

Contents

Traditionally a popular and affordable food in the Philippines with a mild taste, tilapia has been the fourth-most consumed fish in the United States since 2002, favored for its low cost and easy preparation. It is commonly fried or broiled as part of a dish.

Etymology

The common name "tilapia" is based on the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia , which is itself a latinization of either tlhapi, the Tswana word for "fish", [4] or the Greek word "tilon," referring to a fish mentioned by Aristotle, combined with "apios," meaning "distant". [5] Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith named the genus in 1840. [6]

History

The Tomb of Nakht, from 1500 BC, contains a tilapia hieroglyph just above and to the right of the head of the central tall figure. Tomb of Nakht (10).jpg
The Tomb of Nakht, from 1500 BC, contains a tilapia hieroglyph just above and to the right of the head of the central tall figure.

The aquaculture of Nile tilapia dates from Ancient Egypt, where it was represented by the hieroglyph K1, of the Gardiner list: 𓆛.

The fish symbolized rebirth in Egyptian art, and was associated in Egyptian belief-systems with Hathor, goddess of fertility and abundance. [7] The tilapia was also said to accompany and protect the sun god on his daily journey across the sky, and a tilapia painted on tomb walls may recall part of spell 15 of the Book of the Dead by which the deceased hopes to take his place in the sun boat: "You see the tilapia in its [true] form at the turquoise pool", and "I behold the tilapia in its [true] nature guiding the speedy boat in its waters." [8]

Tilapia were one of the three main types of fish caught in Talmudic times from the Sea of Galilee, specifically the Galilean comb (Sarotherodon galilaeus). Today, in Modern Hebrew, the fish species is called amnoon (probably a compound of am, "mother" and noon, "fish"). In English, it is sometimes known by the name "St. Peter's fish", which comes from the narrative in the Gospel of Matthew about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a coin in its mouth. Though the passage does not name the fish, [9] different tilapia species (Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis aureus , Coptodon zillii , and Tristramella ) are found in the Sea of Galilee, where the author of the Gospel of Matthew recounts the event took place. These species have been the target of small-scale artisanal fisheries in the area for thousands of years. [10] [11]

Characteristics

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ChromisNiloticus.jpg
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia typically have laterally compressed, deep bodies. Like other cichlids, their lower pharyngeal bones are fused into a single tooth-bearing structure. A complex set of muscles allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as a second set of jaws for processing food (cf. morays), allowing a division of labor between the "true jaws" (mandibles) and the "pharyngeal jaws". This means they are efficient feeders that can capture and process a wide variety of food items. [12] Their mouths are protrusible, usually bordered with wide and often swollen lips. The jaws have conical teeth. Typically, tilapia have a long dorsal fin, and a lateral line that often breaks towards the end of the dorsal fin, and starts again two or three rows of scales below. Some Nile tilapia can grow as long as 60 centimetres (2 ft). [13]

Other than their temperature sensitivity, tilapia exist in or can adapt to a very wide range of conditions. An extreme example is the Salton Sea, where tilapia introduced when the water was merely brackish now live in salt concentrations so high that other marine fish cannot survive. [14]

Tilapia are also known to be mouth-brooding species, which means they carry the fertilized eggs and young fish in their mouths for several days after the yolk sac is absorbed. [13]

Species

Historically, all tilapia have been included in their namesake genus Tilapia . [2] In recent decades, some were moved into a few other genera, notably Oreochromis , [15] and Sarotherodon . [16] Even with this modification, apparently Tilapia was strongly poly– or paraphyletic. [17] In 2013, a major taxonomic review resolved this by moving most former Tilapia spp. to several other genera. As a consequence, none of the species that are of major economic importance remain in Tilapia, but are instead placed in Coptodon , Oreochormis, and Sarotherodon. [2]

Exotic and invasive species

Tilapia have been used as biological controls for certain aquatic plant problems. They have a preference for a floating aquatic plant, duckweed (Lemna spp.), but also consume some filamentous algae. [18] In Kenya, tilapia were introduced to control mosquitoes, which were causing malaria, because they consume mosquito larvae, consequently reducing the numbers of adult female mosquitoes, the vector of the disease. [19] These benefits are, however, frequently outweighed by the negative aspects of tilapia as invasive species. [20]

Tilapia are unable to survive in temperate climates because they require warm water. The pure strain of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus , has the greatest cold tolerance and dies at 7 °C (45 °F), while all other species of tilapia die at a range of 11 to 17 °C (52 to 62 °F). As a result, they cannot invade temperate habitats and disrupt native ecologies in temperate zones; however, they have spread widely beyond their points of introduction in many fresh and brackish tropical and subtropical habitats, often disrupting native species significantly. [21] Because of this, tilapia are on the IUCN's 100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species list. [22] In the United States, tilapia are found in much of the south, especially Florida and Texas, and as far north as Idaho, where they survive in power-plant discharge zones. [23] Tilapia are also currently stocked in the Phoenix, Arizona, canal system as an algal growth-control measure. In a Washington, D.C. fishing report from 21 June 2024, it was reported that an angler caught a Tilapia on a crankbait at the Jones Point Park under the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, [24] which is on the Potomac River. Many state fish and wildlife agencies in the United States, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere consider them to be invasive species. [25]

Aquarium species

Larger tilapia species are generally poor community aquarium fish because they eat plants, dig up the bottom, and fight with other fish. The larger species are often raised as a food source, though, because they grow rapidly and tolerate high stocking densities and poor water quality.

Smaller West African species, such as Coelotilapia joka and species from the crater lakes of Cameroon, are more popular as aquarium fish. In specialised cichlid aquaria, tilapia can be mixed successfully with nonterritorial cichlids, armored catfish, tinfoil barbs, garpike, and other robust fish. Some species, including Heterotilapia buttikoferi , Coptodon rendalli , Pelmatolapia mariae , C. joka, and the brackish-water Sarotherodon melanotheron , have attractive patterns and are quite decorative. [26]

Commercial species

Tilapia were originally farmed in their native Africa and Levant. Fast-growing, tolerant of stocking density, and adaptable, tilapia have been introduced to and are farmed extensively in many parts of Asia and are increasingly common aquaculture targets elsewhere.

Principal commercial tilapia species
Common nameScientific nameMaximum
length		Common
length		Maximum
weight		Maximum
age		 Trophic
level 		Fish
Base 		FAO WoRMS IUCN status
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus(Linnaeus, 1758)60 cmcm4.324 kg9 years2.0 [27] [28] [29] [30] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least Concern [31]
Blue tilapia     - Oreochromis aureus
      (Steindachner, 1864)		45.7 cm16 cm2.010 kgyears2.1 [32] [33] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least Concern [34]
Nile tilapia + blue tilapia hybridcmcmkgyears
Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus(Peters, 1852)39 cm35 cm1.130 kg11 years2.0 [35] [36] [37] VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable [38]
Global harvest of tilapia species in million tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1950–2009 [39]
Tilapia wild capture time series.png
↑ Wild capture
Tilapia aquaculture time series.png
↑ Aquaculture production

Aquaculture

Red nile tilapia under experimentation in CLSU, Philippines Rednile2jf.JPG
Red nile tilapia under experimentation in CLSU, Philippines

Farmed tilapia production in 2002 worldwide was about 1.5 million tonnes (1.7 million short tons) annually, with an estimated value of US$1.8 billion, [40] about equal to those of salmon and trout.

Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the food chain, and makes tilapia the preferred "aquatic chickens" of the trade. [41]

Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, tilapia cichlids are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Coptodon (all were formerly in the namesake genus Tilapia). [2] Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and popular among artisanal and commercial fisheries. Most such fisheries were originally found in Africa, but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia, are underway in freshwater lakes. [42] In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations. [43] [ failed verification ]

At 1.3 million tonnes per annum, China is the largest tilapia producer in the world, followed by Egypt with 0.5 million. [44] The US, by comparison, produces 10 thousand tonnes against a consumption of 2.5 million. [39]

In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not too often seen, as the dark color of their flesh is not much desired by many customers, and because it has a bit of a reputation of being a rough fish associated with poverty. [45] However, they are fast-growing and give good fillets; leucistic ("red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed and are very popular.

Hybrid stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × blue tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures. [45]

Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male, typically done by adding male sex hormone in the food to the tilapia fry, causing any potential female tilapia to change sex to male. [29] [46] It can also be achieved through hybridization of certain tilapia species or the use of so-called "supermales" that have homozygous male sex chromosomes (resulting in all their offspring receiving a male sex chromosome and thus becoming males). [46] [47] Males are preferred because they grow much faster than females. [29] Additionally, because tilapia are prolific breeders, the presence of female tilapia results in rapidly increasing populations of small fish, rather than a stable population of harvest-size animals. [48] [ unreliable source? ]

Tilapia, as a "traditional" dish, was first introduced in the Philippines in 1950 with Mozambique tilapia followed by Nile tilapia in 1972 from Thailand. Strains such as terapon (gunggong) and white goby (biyang puti) were abundant in Laguna de Bay. In 1988, WorldFish, Filipino and Norwegian researchers started aquaculture of the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT). [49]

Other methods of tilapia population control are polyculture, with predators farmed alongside tilapia or hybridization with other species. [50]

As food

Escabeche fresh tilapia Tilapiajf.JPG
Escabeche fresh tilapia
Redbelly tilapia or "St. Peter's fish" from the Sea of Galilee served in a Tiberias restaurant Tilapia zilli Kineret.jpg
Redbelly tilapia or "St. Peter's fish" from the Sea of Galilee served in a Tiberias restaurant
Blackened tilapia filets seasoned with Cajun spices, lemon & lime juice Blackened tilapia with Cajun spices, lemon and lime juice.jpg
Blackened tilapia filets seasoned with Cajun spices, lemon & lime juice

Tilapia, introduced to the state of Tamil Nadu, India in the 1950s as a cheap protein source, quickly spread across the state's freshwater bodies because of its ability to thrive in polluted, low-oxygen environments. [51]

The Fisheries Research Committee has recommended the culture of this fish only in areas in the western slopes of the Western Ghats and the coastal strip between Cape Comorin and south of and excluding river Tapti, and in districts of Tinnevellv, Madurai and Ramnad in Madras south of and including river Vaigai. The committee has suggested further investigation to enable it to examine the question of desirability of Tilapia culture in other parts of India. [52]

Whole tilapia fish can be processed into skinless, boneless fillets. In some of the commercial strains, the yield has been reported up to 47% at harvest weight. [53] [54]

Tilapia are among the commercially important aquaculture species that are susceptible to off-flavors (others include trout, barramundi, and channel catfish). These 'muddy' or 'musty' flavors are normally caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, organic products of ubiquitous cyanobacteria that are often present or bloom sporadically in water bodies and soil. These flavors are no indication of freshness or safety of the fish, but they make the product unattractive to consumers. Simple quality-control procedures are known to be effective in ensuring the quality of fish entering the market. [55]

Tilapia have very low levels of mercury. [56] Tilapia are low in saturated fat, calories, carbohydrates, and sodium, and are a good protein source. They also contain the micronutrients phosphorus, niacin, selenium, vitamin B12, and potassium. [57]

Tilapia may be a less nutritious fish than generally believed. The fish's omega-3 fatty acid content is often far lower than that of other commonly eaten fish species. Their omega-6 fatty acid levels are unusually high. Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in the flax, ALA and the two types almost unique to animal sources (DHA and EPA), increased in the fish fed this diet. [58] [59] Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish, while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as soybean, although soy-based diets with soy oil may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. [60]

Miscellaneous uses

Tilapia and guppies, young and mature, of Tamil Nadu

Ecological agent

Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. They consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal (Lemna spp.), most "undesirable" submerged plants, and most forms of algae. [61] In the United States and countries such as Thailand, they are becoming the plant-control method of choice, reducing or eliminating the use of toxic chemicals and heavy metal-based algaecides. However, their environmental impact as an invasive species may outweigh their ecological benefit. [62] Their tolerance for a wide range of environmental conditions allow them to thrive in polluted or otherwise degraded aquatic habitats. [63] [62]

They are used for zoo ponds as a source of food for birds.[ citation needed ]

Tilapia can be farmed with shrimp in a symbiotic manner, positively enhancing the productive output of both.[ citation needed ]

Arkansas stocks many public ponds and lakes to help with vegetation control, favoring tilapia as a robust forage species and for anglers.

In Kenya, tilapia help control mosquitoes, which carry malaria parasites. They consume mosquito larvae, which reduces the numbers of adult females, the disease's vector. [19]

Medical use

In Brazil, Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fish skin applied as a bandage is first used in a 2017 clinical trial to treat burn injuries, [64] after successful trial in rats. [65] In the United States, tilapia skin has been used to successfully treat third-degree wounds to the paws of two black bears caught in California's Thomas wildfire, [66] [67] and also to treat burns on the paws of a black bear from California's Carr wildfire. [68] Nile tilapia skin has completed a phase III clinical trial for superficial partial-thickness burns. The fish skin group showed faster healing, lower pain, reduced dressing changes, and lower treatment costs compared to silver sulfadiazine cream control. [69]

Nile tilapia skin has also been used in neovaginoplasty as a skin graft material, for Müllerian agenesis, vaginal stenosis, and gender-affirming surgery. [70] [71]

The skin-growing properties of tilapia skin are believed to be linked to its high type I collagen content and structural similarities to human skin. The material is also quite strong despite its low thickness. [72] The current procedure for skin use [69] calls for chemical sterilization with chlorhexidine, immersion in glycerol, followed by gamma ray sterilization, plus a few washes with saline in between. [73]

Parasites

As with most fish, tilapia harbor a variety of parasites. For the monogeneans, these especially include species of the megadiverse genus Cichlidogyrus , which are gill parasites. Species of Enterogyrus are parasites in the digestive system. Tilapia, as important aquaculture fishes, have been introduced widely all over the world, and often carried their monogenean parasites with them. In South China, a 2019 study has shown that nine species of monogeneans were carried by introduced tilapia. [74]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cichlid</span> Family of fishes

Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Traditionally Cichlids were classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses (Labridae), in the order Perciformes, but molecular studies have contradicted this grouping. On the basis of fossil evidence, it first appeared in Argentina during the Early Eocene epoch, about 48.6 million years ago; however, molecular clock estimates have placed the family's origin as far back as 67 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period. The closest living relative of cichlids is probably the convict blenny, and both families are classified in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as the two families in the Cichliformes, part of the subseries Ovalentaria. This family is large, diverse, and widely dispersed. At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described, making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2,000 and 3,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mouthbrooder</span> Animal that cares for its offspring by holding them its mouth

Mouthbrooding, also known as oral incubation and buccal incubation, is the care given by some groups of animals to their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although mouthbrooding is performed by a variety of different animals, such as the Darwin's frog, fish are by far the most diverse mouthbrooders. Mouthbrooding has evolved independently in several different families of fish.

The Wami tilapia is a tilapiine cichlid that grows to over 20 cm in length and is considered a useful food fish in Tanzania and the island of Zanzibar, which is recognized as a potential origin. It is tolerant of brackish water and grows well in saline pools, making it particularly suitable for aquaculture by communities living close to the sea. Like other tilapia, it is an omnivore and will feed on algae, plants, small invertebrates, and detritus. The common name refers to the Wami River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nile tilapia</span> Species of fish

The Nile tilapia is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to parts of Africa and the Levant, particularly Israel and Lebanon. Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti.

<i>Oreochromis</i> Genus of fishes

Oreochromis is a large genus of oreochromine cichlids, fishes endemic to Africa and the Middle East. A few species from this genus have been introduced far outside their native range and are important in aquaculture. Many others have very small ranges; some are seriously threatened, and O. ismailiaensis and O. lidole possibly are extinct. Although Oreochromis primarily are freshwater fish of rivers, lakes and similar habitats, several species can also thrive in brackish waters and some even survive in hypersaline conditions with a salinity that far surpasses that of seawater. In addition to overfishing and habitat loss, some of the more localized species are threatened by the introduction of other, more widespread Oreochromis species into their ranges. This is because they—in addition to competing for the local resources—often are able to hybridize.

<i>Sarotherodon</i> Genus of fishes

Sarotherodon is a genus of oreochromine cichlids that are native to the northern half of Africa, with a single species, S. galilaeus, also ranging into the Levant. A couple of species from this genus have been introduced far outside their native range, and are important in aquaculture. Most other species have small ranges and some are seriously threatened. They mainly inhabit fresh and brackish water, but a few can live in salt water. Species in this genus, as well as those in several other oreochromine and tilapiine genera, share the common name "tilapia" and historically they were included in the genus Tilapia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tilapiine cichlid</span> Tribe of fishes

The Tilapiini are a tribe within the family Cichlidae commonly known as tilapiine cichlids. Formerly this tribe contained many other genera and species, including the economically important Oreochromis and Sarotherodon, but a taxonomic review found that this grouping was paraphyletic and most were moved to Coelotilapini, Coptodonini, Heterotilapini, Oreochromini and Pelmatolapiini. Together, most species in these tribes are called "tilapias". In a more distant past, a number of other, more different genera like Steatocranus also were included in Tilapiini. With these as separate, Tilapiini now is a much more restricted tribe with only three genera and about half a dozen species from Central and Southern Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture of tilapia</span> Third most important fish in aquaculture after carp and salmon

Tilapia has become the third most important fish in aquaculture after carp and salmon; worldwide production exceeded 1.5 million metric tons in 2002 and increases annually. Because of their high protein content, large size, rapid growth, and palatability, a number of coptodonine and oreochromine cichlids—specifically, various species of Coptodon, Oreochromis, and Sarotherodon—are the focus of major aquaculture efforts.

Throughout much of the tropics, tilapiine cichlids native to Africa and the Levant have been widely introduced into a variety of aquatic systems. In the U.S. states of Florida and Texas, tilapia were originally introduced to curtail invasive plants. In an effort to meet the growing demand for tilapia, humans have farmed these fish in countries around the world. Capable of establishing themselves into new ponds and waterways, many tilapia have escaped aquaculture facilities across much of Asia, Africa, and South America. In other cases, tilapia have been established into new aquatic habitats via aquarists or ornamental fish farmers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mozambique tilapia</span> Species of fish

The Mozambique tilapia is an oreochromine cichlid fish native to southeastern Africa. Dull colored, the Mozambique tilapia often lives up to a decade in its native habitats. It is a popular fish for aquaculture. Due to human introductions, it is now found in many tropical and subtropical habitats around the globe, where it can become an invasive species because of its robust nature. These same features make it a good species for aquaculture because it readily adapts to new situations. It is known as black tilapia in Colombia and as blue kurper in South Africa.

Astatotilapia flaviijosephi, the Jordan mouthbrooder, is a vulnerable species of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (cichlids). It is found in the central Jordan River system, including Lake Tiberias (Kinneret), in Israel, Jordan and Syria, making it the only haplochromine cichlid to naturally range outside of Africa. This species is too small to be of significant importance to fisheries, unlike the only other cichlids native to the Levant, the economically important tilapias.

<i>Oreochromis esculentus</i> Species of fish

Oreochromis esculentus, the Singida tilapia or Graham's tilapia, is a species of cichlid endemic to the Lake Victoria basin, including some of its satellite lakes such as Kyoga, in Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya. Its common name refers to Lake Singida, but this population is the result of an introduction that happened in the 1950s. This fish is highly valued by local fishermen, who know it as ngege.

<i>Oreochromis leucostictus</i> Species of fish

Oreochromis leucostictus is a species of cichlid native to Albertine Rift Valley lakes and associated rivers in DR Congo and Uganda. It has now been introduced widely elsewhere East Africa, and is believed to have negative ecological impact, particularly on native tilapias. This species is reported to reach a standard length of up to 36.3 cm (14.3 in), but is usually much smaller. It is exploited by small-scale fishery and aquaculture operations.

<i>Oreochromis variabilis</i> Species of fish

Oreochromis variabilis, the Victoria tilapia, is a species of African cichlid native to Lake Victoria and its tributaries, Lake Kyoga, Lake Kwania, and Lake Bisina (Salisbury), as well as being found in the Victoria Nile above Murchison Falls. This species can reach a standard length of 30 cm (12 in). This species is important to local commercial fisheries and is potentially important in aquaculture. It is also found in the aquarium trade.

<i>Oreochromis aureus</i> Species of fish

The blue tilapia is a species of tilapia, a fish in the family Cichlidae. Native to Northern and Western Africa, and the Middle East, through introductions it is now also established elsewhere, including parts of the United States, where it has been declared an invasive species and has caused significant environmental damage. It is known as the blue kurper in South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing on Lake Victoria</span>

Lake Victoria supports Africa's largest inland fishery, with the majority of the catch being the invasive Nile perch, introduced in the Lake in the 1950s.

<i>Coptodon</i> Genus of cichlids

Coptodon is a genus of cichlids native to fresh, brackish and coastal marine waters in Africa with C. zillii also found in the Middle East. It is the only genus in the tribe Coptodonini. Formerly included in Tilapia, this genus and tribe was separated in 2013. Despite the change in genus, Coptodon spp. are still referred to by the common name tilapia. Several species are important in local fisheries and a few are aquacultured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Redbelly tilapia</span> Species of fish

The redbelly tilapia, also known as the Zille's redbreast tilapia or St. Peter's fish, is a species of fish in the cichlid family. This fish is found widely in fresh and brackish waters in the northern half of Africa and the Middle East. Elsewhere in Africa, Asia, Australia and North America, it has been introduced as a food fish or as a control of aquatic vegetation. Where introduced, it sometimes becomes invasive, threatening the local ecology and species. The redbelly tilapia is an important food fish and sometimes aquacultured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oreochromini</span> Tribe of fishes

Oreochromini is a tribe of cichlids in the Pseudocrenilabrinae subfamily that is native to Africa and Western Asia, but a few species have been widely introduced to other parts of the world. It was formerly considered to be part of the tribe Tilapiini but more recent workers have found that the Tilapiini sensu lato is paraphyletic. Despite this change, species in Oreochromini are still referred to by the common name tilapia and some of the most important tilapia in aquaculture —certain species of Oreochromis and Sarotherodon— are part of this tribe. In contrast, several species have small ranges and are seriously threatened; a few are already extinct or possibly extinct.

<i>Oreochromis mortimeri</i> Species of fish

Oreochromis mortimeri, the Kariba tilapia or kurper bream, is a species of cichlid, formerly classified as a Tilapiine cichlid but now placed in the genus Oreochromis, the type genus of the tribe Oreochromini of the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. It is found in the rivers of south central Africa especially the middle Zambezi where it is endangered by the spread of invasive congener Oreochromis niloticus.

References

  1. ↑ Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Statistics UN Food and Agriculture Department
  2. 1 2 3 4 Andreas R.Dunz & Ulrich K.Schliewen (2013). "Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as Tilapia". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (1): 64–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015. PMID   23542002.
  3. ↑ "Tilapia". Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. January 2013.
  4. ↑ Chapman, Frank A. (July 1992). "Culture of Hybrid Tilapia: A Reference Profile". Circular 1051. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
  5. ↑ "Tilapia". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  6. ↑ "Genera Summary: Tilapia". Catalog of Fish – W. N. Eschmeyer; California Academy of Sciences. FishBase. June 2007. Archived from the original on 2000-10-27. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
  7. ↑ Tilapia Farming: Exploring the Science and Technology of Cultivating a Global Aquaculture Staple. Red Dot Publications. 2 October 2023. p. 36. Retrieved 10 October 2024. Tilapia's association with the goddess Hathor, the embodiment of fertility and abundance, elevated their status to more than just a food source. The presence of tilapia in Egyptian artwork and hieroglyphs underscores their cultural and culinary importance. Tilapia became woven into the tapestry of Egyptian beliefs, connecting the divine and the everyday.
  8. ↑ Robins, Gay (1993). "Images of women in literature and art". Women in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 188. ISBN   9780674954694 . Retrieved 10 October 2024. The tilapia also has mythological connections, since it is said to accompany and protect the sun god on his daily journey. The possession of the tilapia by the tomb owner recalls part of spell 15 of the Book of the Dead by which the deceased hopes to take his place in the sun bark: 'You see the tilapia in its (true) form at the turquoise pool', and 'I behold the tilapia in its (true) nature guiding the speedy boat in its waters.
  9. ↑ Matthew 17:24–27
  10. ↑ Baker, Jenny (1988). Simply Fish. London: Faber & Faber. p. 197. ISBN   0-571-14966-9.
  11. ↑ Rosencrans, Joyce (2003-07-16). "Tilapia is a farmed fish of biblical fame". The Cincinnati Post . E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  12. ↑ Loiselle, P.V. (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium. Tetra Press. ISBN   1-56465-146-0.
  13. 1 2 "What Is the Origin of Tilapia Fish?" . Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  14. ↑ Science and the CSU
    The Salton Sea: Fishing for Answers Archived 2014-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
    A half-century later, a few species of fish have been hearty enough to survive. One of them is the tilapia and its key to the survival of the Salton's ecosystem, which includes millions of birds that depend on them for food...

    "The salinity level of the Salton Sea is about 45 parts per thousand (ppt), which is about 30% saltier than the ocean"
  15. ↑ "Oreochromis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 16 August 2007.
  16. ↑ "Sarotherodon". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 16 August 2007.
  17. ↑ Nagl, Sandra; Herbet Tichy; Werner E. Mayer; Irene E. Samonte; Brendan J. McAndrew; Jan Klein (2001). "Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships of African Tilapiine Fishes Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 20 (3): 361–374. Bibcode:2001MolPE..20..361N. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0979. PMID   11527464.
  18. ↑ John W. Cross (2013-08-13). "Aquatic Weed Control". Mobot.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  19. 1 2 Petr, T (2000). "Interactions between fish and aquatic macrophytes in inland waters. A review". FAO Fisheries Technical Papers. 396.
  20. ↑ "Oreochromis aureus" . Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "Global Invasive Species Programme, Invasive Species Information, Tilapia" . Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  22. ↑ "100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species". Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN Species Survival Commission . Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  23. ↑ "NAS – Nonindigenous Aquatic Species". USGS. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  24. ↑ "District Fishing Report". No. 21 June 2024. DOEE.
  25. ↑ "Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)". Global Invasive Species Database. IUCN Species Survival Commission . Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  26. ↑ "Keeping Tilapia in Aquariums". Tilapia. AC Tropical Fish. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  27. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Oreochromis niloticus". FishBase . September 2012 version.
  28. ↑ "Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758)". Species Fact Sheet. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  29. 1 2 3 Nico, L.G.; P.J. Schofield; M.E. Neilson (2019). "Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  30. ↑ "Oreochromis niloticus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  31. ↑ Diallo, I.; Snoeks, J.; Freyhof, J.; Geelhand, D.; Hughes, A. (2020). "Oreochromis niloticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T166975A134879289. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T166975A134879289.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  32. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Oreochromis aureus". FishBase . September 2012 version.
  33. ↑ "Oreochromis aureus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  34. ↑ Awaïss, A.; Azeroual, A. & Lalèyè, P. (2010). "Oreochromis aureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T166933A6293372. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  35. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Oreochromis mossambicus". FishBase . September 2012 version.
  36. ↑ "Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)". Species Fact Sheet. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  37. ↑ "Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  38. ↑ Bills, R. (2019). "Oreochromis mossambicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T63338A174782954. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T63338A174782954.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  39. 1 2 Based on data from the FishStat database
  40. ↑ De Silva, S.S; Subasinghe, R.P.; Bartley, D.M.; Lowther, A. (2004). "Tilapias as Alien Aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: A Review". FAO Fisheries Technical Paper – No. 453. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008.
  41. ↑ Barlow, G. W. (2000). The Cichlid Fishes . Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. ISBN   0-7382-0376-9.
  42. ↑ "Title unknown". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006.
  43. ↑ "GO FISH, Egyptian Style". Ag Innovation News. Agricultural Utilization Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  44. ↑ "Finding more fish, between Egypt and Vietnam". eco-business.com. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  45. 1 2 "Tilapia Aquaculture". Miami Aqua-culture, Inc. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  46. 1 2 Wan, Z.Y.; G. Lin; G. Yue (2019). "Genes for sexual body size dimorphism in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp. x Oreochromis mossambicus)". Aquaculture and Fisheries. 4 (6): 231–238. Bibcode:2019AqFis...4..231W. doi: 10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.003 . hdl: 10356/142831 .
  47. ↑ Baroiller, J.F.; H. D'Cotta; E. Bezault; S. Wessels; G. Hoerstgen-Schwark (2009). "Tilapia sex determination: Where temperature and genetics meet". Comp Biochem Physiol A. 153 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.018. PMID   19101647.
  48. ↑ "Fact about Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis spp.)" . Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  49. ↑ Lasco, Gideon (August 2, 2024). "Tilapia, a history". The Philippine Star . Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  50. ↑ Prein, M.; Hulata, Gideon; Pauly, D.; International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, eds. (1993). Multivariate methods in aquaculture research: case studies of Tilapias in experimental and commercial systems. ICLARM contribution. Manila, Philippines : Bet Dagan, Israel : Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM); Agricultural Research Organization; Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung. ISBN   978-971-10-2285-3.
  51. ↑ "Chennai Agency Culls African-Origin Fish to Save Adyar Creek". The Times of India. October 18, 2024 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
  52. ↑ https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1078148/1/01_X_27-09-1955_p32_p32_s2261.pdf
  53. ↑ Ødegård, Jørgen; Alvarez, Alejandro Tola; Vera, Mayet de; Skaarud, Anders; Joshi, Rajesh (2019-08-05). "Genomic prediction for commercial traits using univariate and multivariate approaches in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)". bioRxiv: 725143. doi: 10.1101/725143 .
  54. ↑ Gjøen, H. M.; T. H. E. Meuwissen; Woolliams, J. A.; Joshi, R. (May 2018). "Maternal, dominance and additive genetic effects in Nile tilapia; influence on growth, fillet yield and body size traits". Heredity. 120 (5): 452–462. doi:10.1038/s41437-017-0046-x. ISSN   1365-2540. PMC   5889400 . PMID   29335620.
  55. ↑ Robin, Joël; Cravedi, Jean-Pierre; Hillenweck, Anne; Deshayes, Cyrille; Vallod, Dominique (2006). "Off flavor characterization and origin in French trout farming". Aquaculture. 260 (1–4): 128–138. Bibcode:2006Aquac.260..128R. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.058.
  56. ↑ Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990–2010) fda.gov
  57. ↑ "Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Fish, tilapia, cooked, dry heat" . Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  58. ↑ Shapira, N.; Weill, P.; Sharon, O.; Loewenbach, R.; Berzak, O. (March 2009). "n-3 PUFA fortification of high n-6 PUFA farmed tilapia with linseed could significantly increase dietary contribution and support nutritional expectations of fish". J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (6): 2249–2254. Bibcode:2009JAFC...57.2249S. doi:10.1021/jf8029258. PMID   19243170.(subscription required)
  59. ↑ Aguiar, A.C.; Morais, DR; Santos, L.P.; et al. (September 2007). "Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)". Arch Latinoam Nutr. 57 (3): 273–277. PMID   18271406.
  60. ↑ Espe, Marit; et al. (May 2006). "Can Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grow on diets devoid of fish meal?". Aquaculture. 255 (1–4): 255–262. Bibcode:2006Aquac.255..255E. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.030.(subscription required)
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  62. 1 2 Bradford, M., Kroon, F. J., Russell, D. J. (2 April 2011). "The biology and management of Tilapia mariae (Pisces: Cichlidae) as a native and invasive species: a review". Marine and Freshwater Research. 62 (8): 902–917. doi:10.1071/MF10289.
  63. ↑ Linde, A. R. (2 April 2008). "Invasive tilapia juveniles are associated with degraded river habitats". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems . 18 (6): 891–895. Bibcode:2008ACMFE..18..891L. doi:10.1002/aqc.928.
  64. ↑ "Why this Brazilian city uses tilapia fish skin to treat burn victims". PBS. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  65. ↑ Moraes-Filho, Edmar Maciel Lima-Junior; Picollo, Nelson Sarto; Miranda, Marcelo José Borges de; Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia; Alves, Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes; Ferreira, Guilherme Emilio; Parente, Ezequiel Aguiar; Odorico, Manoel (2017). "Uso da pele de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), como curativo biológico oclusivo, no tratamento de queimaduras" [The use of tilapia skin (Oreochromis niloticus), as an occlusive biological dressing, in the treatment of burn wounds]. Revista Brasileira de Queimaduras (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 (1): 10–17. ISSN   2595-170X.
  66. ↑ "Two bears were badly burned in wildfires, and fish skin helped heal them". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  67. ↑ "Bears Burned in California Wildfires Healed With Fish Skins, Released to Wild". UC Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  68. ↑ "WILDFIRES: Bear Treated With Fish Skins; Firefighters Return". UC Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  69. 1 2 Lima Júnior, EM; de Moraes Filho, MO; Costa, BA; Fechine, FV; Vale, ML; Diógenes, AKL; Neves, KRT; Uchôa, AMDN; Soares, MFADN; de Moraes, MEA (1 May 2021). "Nile Tilapia Fish Skin-Based Wound Dressing Improves Pain and Treatment-Related Costs of Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 147 (5): 1189–1198. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000007895. PMID   33890902. S2CID   233371603.
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  74. ↑ Zhang, Shuai; Zhi, Tingting; Xu, Xiangli; Zheng, Yingying; Bilong Bilong, Charles Félix; Pariselle, Antoine; Yang, Tingbao (2019). "Monogenean fauna of alien tilapias (Cichlidae) in south China". Parasite. 26: 4. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019003. ISSN   1776-1042. PMC   6361074 . PMID   30714897. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg

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