Numerous states have ceased their diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China during the last 70 years, since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Under the One China policy, the ROC is recognized by 12 UN member states and Holy See with 59 UN member states and Somaliland maintaining unofficial cultural and economic relations.
The timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China encompasses the years from 1912 to 1949 (the establishment of the People's Republic of China), and the year of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) establishments as a substitute for embassies in the absence of official diplomatic relations with the ROC.
Year | State | Event | TECRO establishment |
---|---|---|---|
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1869 | |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1880 | |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1902 | |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1908 | |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1866 | |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1899 | |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty | 1963 [1] |
1912 | ![]() | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty in 1844 | |
1913 | ![]() | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty | |
1913 | ![]() | Recognition; relations began in 1878 | |
1913 | ![]() | Recognition of the establishment of the Republic of China; relations began in 1861. | |
1913 | ![]() | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty in 1875 | |
1915 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1917 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time) | |
1918 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time) | |
1919 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1919 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1919 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1921 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1921 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (first time) | |
1921 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | 2021 [2] [3] |
1922 | ![]() | Diplomatic re-established; relations began with the Qing dynasty in 1909. | |
1923 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established [4] | 1992 (Consulate) 1995 [5] [6] |
1924 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (first time) | |
1929 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (second time) | |
1930 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1930 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1931 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1932 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (second time) | |
1933 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1934 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1934 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1937 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established [7] | |
1937 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (Beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War) | |
1939 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1941 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (second time, German diplomatic recognition of the Wang Jingwei regime) | |
1941 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1941 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1941 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1941 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time, Italian diplomatic recognition of the Wang Jingwei regime) | |
1941 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (Romanian diplomatic recognition of the Wang Jingwei regime) | |
1942 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1942 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1942 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1942 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1944 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1944 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1945 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1946 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (second time) | |
1946 | ![]() | Recognition achieved | |
1946 | ![]() | Recognition achieved | |
1946 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1947 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1947 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1947 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1948 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1949 | ![]() | Recognition achieved | |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (third time) [8] | 1993 (in Russia) [9] |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1991 [10] (in Czech Republic) 2003 [11] (in Slovakia) |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1992? |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1949 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1980 [12] to 2017 |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1973 [12] |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 [13] |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1981? |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973? or 1980 [14] |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1995 [15] |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 2015 [16] or 2016 [17] |
1950 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1971 |
1951 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1952 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations re-established (2nd time) | |
1953 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1953 | ![]() | Recognition revoked | 2002 |
1954 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1954 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1981 |
1955 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1955 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (second time) | |
1955 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1955 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1956 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1956 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established [7] | |
1956 | ![]() | Recognition withdrawn | |
1956 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1957 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1957 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1958 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1958 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1959 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1960 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1960 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1960 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1960 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1961 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1961 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1961 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time) | |
1961 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1961 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (1st time) | |
1962 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed | |
1962 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1963 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1964 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1974 [18] |
1964 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time)[ clarification needed ] | |
1964 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1966 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1966 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1968 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1968 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
1968 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1969 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1970 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (second time) | 1990 [19] |
1970 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1970 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1991 [20] |
1970 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 [21] |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1971 [22] |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1972 [12] |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1989? |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1986 |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1978 [23] |
1971 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1991 [24] |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased [25] | 1963 (as "The Free Chinese Centre, London") 1993 [1] |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (second) | 1972 |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (third time) | 1999 (in Germany) [26] |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1973 |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1992 [27] |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973 [28] |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1989? |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1995 [29] |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time)[ clarification needed ] | |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
1972 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1973 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1973 [12] |
1973 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1974 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1974 [30] |
1974 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 |
1974 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1974 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1974 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1974 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1975 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 [31] |
1975 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1994 to 1997 |
1975 | ![]() | Defeat of South Vietnam | 1992 (in Vietnam) |
1975 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
1975 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1976 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
1977 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1977 |
1977 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time)[ clarification needed ] | |
1978 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1980 to 1997 (1st time) 2008 to 2011 (2nd time) |
1979 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1979 [32] |
1979 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1992 |
1979 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1980? |
1979 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1980 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1980 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1981 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1983 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1983 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (first) | |
1983 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1983 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1984 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1984? |
1984 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) | |
1985 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 to 2009 |
1985 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1988 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | 1992 to 2002 |
1989 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1989 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
1989 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1989 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1990 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 [33] |
1990 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1990 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (2nd time) | |
1990 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed | |
1991 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (3rd time) | |
1991 | ![]() | De facto recognition [34] | |
1992 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1993? or 1994 |
1992 | ![]() | Recognition withdrawn [35] | 1993 [36] |
1992 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
1993 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
1994 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
1994 | ![]() ![]() | Diplomatic relations established (2nd time) | |
1995 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1995 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed | |
1996 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
1996 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
1997 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1997 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
1997 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (3rd time) | |
1997 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
1997 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1998 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1998 [37] |
1998 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (3rd time) | |
1998 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
1998 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
1998 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1999 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations maintained for 16 days [38] | 1990 [39] |
1999 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
1999 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
2001 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2002 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) | |
2003 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (3rd time) | |
2003 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations established | |
2004 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2004 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations maintained for a week [40] | |
2005 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2005 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
2005 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
2006 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
2007 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) | |
2007 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased[ clarification needed ] | |
2008 | ![]() | Recognition achieved | |
2008 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2013 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
2016 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased [41] | |
2017 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2018 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2018 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
2018 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2019 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2019 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased | |
2020 | ![]() | Unofficial relations established | |
2021 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) | |
2023 | ![]() | Diplomatic relations ceased |
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The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO), also known as Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (TECO), Taipei Representative Office (TRO) or Taipei Mission, is an alternative diplomatic institution serving as a de facto embassy or a consulate of the Republic of China to exercise the foreign affairs and consular services in specific countries which have established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. As the PRC denies the legitimacy of the ROC as a sovereign state and claims the ROC-controlled territories as an integral part of its China. An exclusive mandate namely One-China policy, mandates any country that wishes to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first sever any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei." As a result, these countries only allow the ROC to establish representative offices instead of a fully-fledged embassy or consulate for the purpose of conducting practical bilateral relations without granting full diplomatic recognition.
South Korean–Taiwan relations
Joseph Shih or Ting Joseph Shih is a Taiwanese diplomat and politician. He was the nation's representative to South Korea from 2014 to 2018, and the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Executive Yuan from 2013 to 2014.
The Taipei Representative Office in the UK is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the United Kingdom (UK). It is not a fully-fledged embassy owing to the ongoing Taiwan dispute and One-China policy. However, it is the highest-level representation of the ROC government in the United Kingdom. It manages cultural, economic and political cooperation between the UK and the ROC, as well as offering consular services. Its counterpart body in Taiwan is the British Office Taipei.
Liu Chih-kung is a Taiwanese diplomat.
Canada and Taiwan have maintained unofficial bilateral relations since 1970. First contacts between Canada and Taiwan began in 1871 with the arrival of George Leslie Mackay.
The Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Federative Republic of Brazil do not have official diplomatic relations, as Brazil acknowledges the One-China policy. However, the two nations maintain unofficial diplomatic relations via economic and cultural offices.
The Korean Mission in Taipei is the representative office of South Korea in Taiwan, functioning as a de facto embassy in the absence of diplomatic relations. Its counterpart is the Taipei Mission in Korea in Seoul.
The Taipei Representative Office in France; represents the interests of Taiwan in France in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the French Office in Taipei.
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada, also called TECO Canada, is a trade office representing the interests of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Canada. Located in Ottawa, the office functions as a de facto embassy in the absence of formal diplomatic relations between Canada and Taiwan.
The Taipei Mission in Korea represents the interests of Taiwan in South Korea, functioning as a de facto embassy in the absence of diplomatic relations.
The Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa represents the interests of Taiwan in South Africa in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa in Taipei. It has two offices, one in Pretoria and the other in Cape Town.
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Spain; represents the interests of Taiwan in Spain in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the Spanish Chamber of Commerce in Taipei.
The Taipei Representative Office in Denmark; represents the interests of Taiwan in the Kingdom of Denmark and Iceland in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the Trade Council of Denmark in Taipei.
The Taipei Trade and Economic Representative Office in Ulaanbaatar is the representative office of Taiwan in Mongolia, functioning as a de facto embassy in the absence of diplomatic relations.
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; represents the interests of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Saudi Arabia in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. In addition, it has responsibility for Taiwan's relations with Afghanistan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Qatar and Sudan.
Taipei Representative Office in Finland is the de facto embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Finland. In Finnish it's officially called yhteystoimisto as the two countries does not have formal diplomatic ties.
The Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission represents the interests of Taiwan in Russia, functioning as a de facto embassy in the absence of diplomatic relations.
The Taipei Representative Office in Poland represents the interests of Taiwan in Poland, functioning as a de facto embassy in the absence of diplomatic relations.