Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur)

Last updated
Timothy O'Neill
Timothy R. O'Neill.jpg
Born
Timothy R. O'Neill

1943
DiedNovember 9, 2023 (aged 79–80)
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Army officer, camouflage expert
Known for Digital camouflage
Notable workDual-Tex camouflage pattern

Timothy R. O'Neill (1943 – November 9, 2023) was a U.S. Army officer, professor and camouflage expert, who in 1976 invented Dual-Tex, the first pattern of what would later be called digital camouflage. He has been called "father of digital camouflage". O'Neill wrote two works of fiction. In 1979 he published The Individuated Hobbit: Jung, Tolkien, and the Archetypes of Middle-Earth .

Contents

Biography

Timothy O'Neill was educated at The Citadel, Charleston, gaining a bachelor's degree in political science; the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, studying MACT and experimental psychology; and after joining the army, the University of Virginia, where he gained his PhD in Experimental Psychology with a concentration in visual biophysics, writing his dissertation on "visual attraction of Blumian symmetry axes of visual forms". [1] He served in the U. S. Army for 25 years from 1966. He served initially as a commander of tank and armoured cavalry units. He gained a doctorate in camouflage, testing his ideas in the field at Fort Knox, Kentucky. In 1976, this work gained him a post as instructor at the West Point military academy, where he founded and was the first director of the program in engineering psychology. His work on digital camouflage led to the camouflage used on Army Combat Uniform. He reached the rank of lieutenant colonel. He retired from the army in 1991. [2] [3]

O'Neill then worked in industry, in Provant, Inc, and in U. S. Cavalry Security Gear and Systems, Inc. From 2001, he has frequently served as a camouflage consultant, working for the U. S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps; the FBI; and the armed forces of Afghanistan, Canada, New Zealand, and Qatar. He assisted in the design of hunting camouflage for W. L. Gore Associates, [2] [3] creating the Optifade pattern, based for the first time on study of the vision of deer, i.e. the animals that are to be fooled by the camouflage: it combines macro- and micro-patterns, and is said to work "amazingly well". For Hyperstealth Corp., he and the company's founder Guy Cramer designed the Razzacam pattern, said by David Rothenberg to be based on World War I dazzle camouflage "with pixelated and dithered patterns that are dizzying to look at, confounding our ability to parse their organizational structure". [4] Also with Cramer, O'Neill developed a snow camouflage pattern for the U. S. Marine Corps. [5]

O'Neill was married to Eufrona O'Neill and they lived in Alexandria, Virginia, [3] and later in Roswell, Georgia. [6] He died in Atlanta, Georgia, on November 9, 2023, aged 80. [6]

Digital camouflage

O'Neill designed Dual-Tex, the first digital military camouflage pattern; this paved the way for others to design patterns such as CADPAT (illustrated, the first such pattern to enter service, in 2002) and MARPAT, using the same principles. CADPAT digital camouflage pattern (Temperate Woodland variant).jpg
O'Neill designed Dual-Tex, the first digital military camouflage pattern; this paved the way for others to design patterns such as CADPAT (illustrated, the first such pattern to enter service, in 2002) and MARPAT, using the same principles.

In 1976, O'Neill created a pixellated pattern named "Dual-Tex". He called the digital approach "texture match". The initial work was done by hand on a retired M113 armoured personnel carrier at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland; O'Neill painted the pattern on with a 2-inch (5 centimetre) roller, forming squares of colour by hand. Field testing showed that the result was good compared to the U. S. Army's existing camouflage patterns. At a distance, the squares merged into a larger pattern, breaking up the vehicle's outline and making it blend into the background of trees. Closer up, the pattern successfully imitated smaller details of the landscape, appearing as leaves, grass tufts, and shadows. [2] [7] [8]

O'Neill was quoted in a report by an American government watchdog, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, which was critical of wasteful Pentagon spending. O'Neill is reported as stating of the camouflage pattern then in use: "Desert designs don't work well in woodland areas and woodland patterns perform poorly in the desert." [9] In O'Neill's view, "it is best to tailor the spatial characteristics and color palette of a camouflage pattern to the specific environment and tactical position where those using the camouflage would be inclined to hide." [10]

Author

The Individuated Hobbit: Jung, Tolkien, and the Archetypes of Middle-Earth (1979) is a critical study of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. [11] Tolkien scholar Thomas Honegger called it "the unsurpassed standard work on the subject" (2019). [12]

O'Neill was the author of two novels. Shades of Gray (1987) is about a West Point psychologist investigating mysterious happenings on campus. Mandala (2014) concerns a mysterious structure in Montana that has psychological and mythic properties.

Distinctions

O'Neill has been called the father of digital camouflage. He featured in the 2015 Australian documentary film Deception by Design. [13]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vafþrúðnir</span> Norse mythical character

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">MARPAT</span> US Marine Corps camouflage pattern

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<i>The Individuated Hobbit</i> 1979 book by Timothy R. ONeill

The Individuated Hobbit: Jung, Tolkien, and the Archetypes of Middle-Earth (1979) is a critical study of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien by Timothy R. O'Neill. It is written from a Jungian perspective, with particular emphasis on Jungian archetypes.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal Camouflage Pattern</span> United States Army military camouflage pattern

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<i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i> 1954 part of novel by J. R. R. Tolkien

The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J. R. R. Tolkien. It is followed by The Two Towers and The Return of the King. The action takes place in the fictional universe of Middle-earth. The book was first published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom. The volume consists of a foreword, in which the author discusses his writing of The Lord of the Rings, a prologue titled "Concerning Hobbits, and other matters", and the main narrative in Book I and Book II. This book helps the readers to understand the world of Hobbits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tolkien's artwork</span> Artwork by J. R. R. Tolkien

Tolkien's artwork was a key element of his creativity from the time when he began to write fiction. A professional philologist, J. R. R. Tolkien prepared a wide variety of materials to support his fiction, including illustrations for his Middle-earth fantasy books, facsimile artefacts, more or less "picturesque" maps, calligraphy, and sketches and paintings from life. Some of his artworks combined several of these elements.

J. R. R. Tolkien's presentation of heroism in The Lord of the Rings is based on medieval tradition, but modifies it, as there is no single hero but a combination of heroes with contrasting attributes. Aragorn is the man born to be a hero, of a line of kings; he emerges from the wilds and is uniformly bold and restrained. Frodo is an unheroic, home-loving Hobbit who has heroism thrust upon him when he learns that the ring he has inherited from his cousin Bilbo is the One Ring that would enable the Dark Lord Sauron to dominate the whole of Middle-earth. His servant Sam sets out to take care of his beloved master, and rises through the privations of the quest to destroy the Ring to become heroic.

J. R. R. Tolkien, the author of the bestselling fantasy The Lord of the Rings, was largely rejected by the literary establishment during his lifetime, but has since been accepted into the literary canon, if not as a modernist then certainly as a modern writer responding to his times. He fought in the First World War, and saw the rural England that he loved built over and industrialised. His Middle-earth fantasy writings, consisting largely of a legendarium which was not published until after his death, embodied his realism about the century's traumatic events, and his Christian hope.

J. R. R. Tolkien was both a philologist and an author of high fantasy. He had a private theory that the sound of words was directly connected to their meaning, and that certain sounds were inherently beautiful. Scholars believe he intentionally chose words and names in his constructed Middle-earth languages to create feelings such as of beauty, longing, and strangeness. Tolkien stated that he wrote his stories to provide a setting for his languages, rather than the other way around. Tolkien constructed languages for the Elves to sound pleasant, and the Black Speech of the evil land of Mordor to sound harsh; poetry suitable for various peoples of his invented world of Middle-earth; and many place-names, chosen to convey the nature of each region. The theory is individual, but it was in the context of literary and artistic movements such as Vorticism, and earlier nonsense verse that stressed language and the sound of words, even when the words were apparently nonsense.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychological journeys of Middle-earth</span> Analysis of J. R. R. Tolkiens fictional characters

Scholars, including psychoanalysts, have commented that J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth stories about both Bilbo Baggins, protagonist of The Hobbit, and Frodo Baggins, protagonist of The Lord of the Rings, constitute psychological journeys. Bilbo returns from his journey to help recover the Dwarves' treasure from Smaug the dragon's lair in the Lonely Mountain changed, but wiser and more experienced. Frodo returns from his journey to destroy the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom scarred by multiple weapons, and is unable to settle back into the normal life of his home, the Shire.

References

  1. ↑ "Timothy O'Neill". LinkedIn. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 Fusco, Vincent (3 June 2010). "West Point explores science of camouflage". U. S. Army. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 "LTC (R) Timothy O'Neill" (PDF). West Point Military Academy –. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  4. ↑ Rothenberg, David (2013). Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science, and Evolution. A&C Black. pp. 149–150. ISBN   978-1-4088-3056-7.
  5. ↑ Clarke, Brennan (19 October 2011). "B.C. camouflage maker: The invisible man". The Globe and Mail.
  6. 1 2 "Timothy R. O'Neill, '65". The Citadel Alumni Association. November 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  7. ↑ Kennedy, Pagan (10 May 2013). "Who Made That Digital Camouflage?". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ "Out of Sight". The Economist. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  9. ↑ Ortiz, Erik (21 June 2017). "Pentagon Accused of Wasting Up to $28M on 'Inappropriate' Afghan Soldier Uniforms". NBC News.
  10. ↑ "Afghan National Army : DoD May Have Spent Up To $ 28 Million More Than Needed To Procure Camouflage Uniforms That May Be Inappropriate For The Afghan Environment" (PDF). SIGAR. June 2017., which cites also O'Neill, Timothy. Innovative camouflage measures for the United States Marine Corps. MARCORSYSCOM under Sverdrup Technology Agreement Number 0965-36-01-C1. p. 36.
  11. ↑ Garbowski, Christopher (2004). Recovery and Transcendence for the Contemporary Mythmaker : the spiritual dimension in the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Walking Tree Publishers. Introduction. ISBN   978-3-9521424-8-6. OCLC   56492419.
  12. ↑ Honegger, Thomas (2019). "More Light Than Shadow? Jungian Approaches to Tolkien and the Archetypal Image of the Shadow". In Giovanni Agnoloni (ed.). Tolkien: Light and Shadow. Kipple Officina Libraria. ISBN   9788832179071.
  13. ↑ Rindfuss, Bryan (19 July 2017). "Blue Star Sheds Light on the History of Camouflage with a Screening of 'Deception by Design'". San Antonio Current. Retrieved 24 August 2017.


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