A tipi (/ˈtiːpiː/ "TEE-pee"), often called a lodge in English, is a conical tent, historically made of animal hides or pelts, and in more recent generations of canvas, stretched on a framework of wooden poles. The word is Siouan, and in use in Dakhótiyapi,[1]Lakȟótiyapi,[2] and as a loanword in US and Canadian English, where it is sometimes spelled phonetically as teepee[3] and tepee.
Example of typical tipi camp circle on the Pine Ridge Reservation, circa 1890Crow lodge interior, 1907, showing the poles and outer skin at the top, the inner lining and bedding. The lashing rope is tied off to a wooden stake at the bottom of the photograph. Clothing is suspended on a line tied between two of the tipi poles.
The wigwam or "wickiup", a dome-shaped shelter typically made of bark layered on a pole structure, was also used by various tribes, especially for hunting camps.[8][9] The term wigwam has often been incorrectly used to refer to a conical skin tipi.[10][note 1]
The conventional translation in French and English for all Indigenous dwellings at one time was "lodge," resulting in many compounds and place names such as sweatlodge, lodgepole pine, Red Lodge, and so on.
Types and utility
Structure
A tipi is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure.[11][12][13] The tipi is durable,[14] provides warmth and comfort in winter,[15] is cool in the heat of summer,[note 2] and is dry during heavy rains.[16][17] Tipis can be disassembled and packed away quickly when people need to relocate and can be reconstructed quickly upon settling in a new area.[18][19][note 3] Historically, this portability was important to Plains Indians with their at-times nomadic lifestyle.[20] Tribes would have well-organized camp circles of family units living in multiple tipis arranged in order depending on rank or roles in the family unit, community, or ceremony.[21] Generally, the door and camp openings face east in the direction of the sunrise.[21]
A typical family tipi is a conical, portable structure with two adjustable smoke flaps, multiple poles (historically from 12 to 25ft or 3.7 to 7.6m long) called lodge poles.
Lewis H. Morgan noted that tipi frames were 13 to 15 poles that were 4.6to 5.5 metres (15–18ft) tall. These poles, "after being tied together at the small ends, are raised upright with a twist so as to cross the poles above the fastening."[22] The builders pull the lower ends out to form a circle about 3.0 metres (10ft) in diameter on the ground. They stretch a covering of tanned and untanned buffalo hides, sewn together, over the frame, which they then secure with stakes at the base. "At the top there is an extra skin adjusted as a collar, so as to be open on the windward side to facilitate the exit of the smoke. A low opening is left for a doorway, which is covered with an extra skin used as a drop. The fire-pit and arrangements for beds are the same as in the Ojibwa lodge, grass being used in the place of spruce or hemlock twigs."[22]
Lodgepole pine is the preferred wood in the Northern and Central Plains and red cedar in the Southern Plains.[23] Tipis have a detachable cover over the structure. The cover has historically been made of buffalo hide, an optional skin or cloth lining, and a canvas or bison calf skin door. Modern lodges are more often made of canvas.[5]:p3,p58
Ropes (historically rawhide thongs or babiche) and wooden pegs are required to bind the poles, close the cover, attach the lining and door, and anchor the resulting structure to the ground. Tipis are distinguished from other tents by two crucial elements: the opening at the top and the smoke flaps, which allow the dwellers to heat themselves and cook with an open fire; and the lining that is primarily used in the winter, which insulates. Tipis were designed to be easily set up or taken down to allow camps to be moved to follow game migrations, especially the bison. When dismantled the tipi poles were used to construct a dog- or later horse-pulled travois on which additional poles and tipi cover were placed.[5]
Tipi covers are made by sewing together strips of canvas or tanned hide and cutting out a semicircular shape from the resulting surface. Trimming this shape yields a door and the smoke flaps that allow the dwellers to control the chimney effect to expel smoke from their fires. Old-style traditional linings were hides, blankets, and rectangular pieces of cloth hanging about 1.2to 1.5 metres (4–5ft) above the ground tied to the poles or a rope.[11]
Decoration
Four Kiowa tipis (1904) with designs. From top left to right: design featuring bison herd and pipe-smoking deer, porcupine design, design featuring arms and legs with pipes and lizard, and design featuring water monsters
Historically, most tipis in a village were not painted. Painted tipis often depicted noteworthy historical battles and often featured geometric portrayals of celestial bodies and animal designs. Sometimes tipis have been painted to depict personal experiences such as war, hunting, a dream, or vision. When depicting visions, "ceremonies and prayers were first offered, and then the dreamer recounted his dream to the priests and wise men of the community. Those known to be skilled painters were consulted, and the new design was made to fit anonymously within the traditional framework of the tribe's painted tipis."[24]
During the later reservation era, retired warriors would paint on canvas tipis depicting different events in tribal history, including battles with Americans. He Nupa Wanica (Joseph No Two Horns), a Hunkpapa Lakota warrior who fought in 40 battles, including the Battle of the Little Bighorn,[25] is one such artist known for his many tipi paintings, shields and horse effigies now in museums.[26]
Tribes in the modern-day use the tipi as means to teach traditional, scientific and psychological teachings. The Siksika (Blackfoot) nation's worldview is based on the shape of a tipi, which inspired Maslow's hierarchy of needs teachings.[27][28] In Cree communities, the tipi can represent the power of women and her role as the foundation of the family unit.[29] In Lakota communities, youth are taught how to assemble tipis with each pole representing different traditional virtues, understanding geometry and learning teamwork.[30]
See also
Chum (tent), a similar structure used by various peoples from northwestern Siberia to northern Mongolia.
Goahti, a somewhat similar structure used by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia
↑ Lewis H. Morgan, "I have seen it in use among seven or eight Dakota sub-tribes, among the Iowas, Otoes, and Pawnees, and among the Black-feet, Crows, Assiniboines, and Crees. In 1878, I saw it in use among the Utes of Colorado. A collection of fifty of these tents, which would accommodate five hundred persons, make a picturesque appearance. Under the name of the "Sibley tent" it is now in use, with some modifications of plan, in the United States Army, for service on the plains." [A Sibley tent has one pole in the center and no flaps for guiding the smoke from the central fire.] (Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 115.)
1 2 3 4 Laubin, Reginald; Laubin, Gladys (2012). The Indian Tipi: Its History, Construction, and Use (2ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN978-0806188522.
↑ Usually wigwams are a domed structure; conical wooden wigwams exist, though, and presumably gave rise to the confusing of the different structures. For more, see: Notes on the Eastern Cree and Northern Saulteaux, Volumes 9-10. By Alanson Skinner. The Trustee, 1911. p12+13.
↑ With the sides raised; As seen in: Anthropological papers. 1917. p211
↑ Lewis H. Morgan notes the Dakota call their skin tents, "wii-ka-yo". The following is an extract of his text: "When first discovered the Dakotas lived in houses constructed with a frame of poles and covered with bark, each of which was large enough for several families. They dwelt principally in villages in their original area on the head-waters of the Mississippi, the present State of Minnesota. Forced upon the plains by an advancing white population, but after they had become possessed of horses, they invented a skin tent eminently adapted to their present nomadic condition. It is superior to any other in use among the American aborigines from its roominess, its portable character, and the facility with which it can be erected and struck. "[...]" When the tent is struck, the poles are attached to a horse, half on each side, like thills, secured to the horse's neck at one end, and the other dragging on the ground. The skin-covering and other camp-equipage are packed upon other horses and even upon their dogs, and are thus transported from place to place on the plains. This tent is so well adapted to their mode of life that it has spread far and wide among the Indian tribes of the prairie region." (Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. iv., p. 114.)
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Tipi is a dwelling used by North American Indians of the Great Plains.
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