Tisata

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Tisata Nature Reserve
Greek juniper in Tisata Reserve, Bulgaria.jpg
Relief Map of Bulgaria.jpg
Red pog.svg
Location of Tisata Reserve
Location Kresna Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria
Nearest city Kresna
Coordinates 41°45′21.41″N23°08′32.48″E / 41.7559472°N 23.1423556°E / 41.7559472; 23.1423556 Coordinates: 41°45′21.41″N23°08′32.48″E / 41.7559472°N 23.1423556°E / 41.7559472; 23.1423556
Area5.85 km2
Established1949
Governing body Ministry of Environment and Water

Tisata (Bulgarian : Тисата [ˈtisɐtɐ] ) is a nature reserve in south-western Bulgaria. It is situated in Kresna Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province. The reserve is managed by the administration of Pirin National Park despite the fact it lies outside the limits of the park.

Contents

Statute and location

Tisata was declared a nature reserve by Order No. 6633 of the Ministry of Forestry on 5 December 1949 under the name Tisova Barchina to protect the largest natural habitat of Greek juniper ( Juniperus excelsa ) in Bulgaria. [1] [2] [3] Initially it encompassed a territory of 19 ha [4] but was expanded several times and nowadays occupies 584 ha or 5.84 km2, [2] as well as a buffer zone of 420 ha. The borders of the reserve were determined in 1991. [3]

The territory of the reserve is divided into two separate sections by the southern reaches of the Kresna Gorge on the Struma River. The western section occupies the eastern slopes of the Maleshevo mountain range, while the eastern one is situated on the north-western slopes of the Pirin mountains. The altitude of the reserve ranges between 300 and 700 m. In terms of geology the most common rock type is gneiss. The climate is continental Mediterranean; [3] the predominant soil type are leached cinnamon forest soils. The soils on the foothills of Pirin are partially exposed to erosion. [3]

Flora

Predominantly evergreen sclerophyll vegetation in the Tisata Reserve Cliff in Tisata Reserve.jpg
Predominantly evergreen sclerophyll vegetation in the Tisata Reserve

There are 460 species of vascular plants. About 80% of the reserve's territory is covered by forests dominated by Greek juniper, a relict species that evolved in Asia Minor. [3] There trees are 10 to 15 m [4] but some individuals can reach 20 m and a diameter of 1 m. The Greek juniper forms monotypic or mixed forests with trees such as Oriental hornbeam ( Carpinus orientalis ), pubescent oak ( Quercus pubescens ) and South European flowering ash ( Fraxinus ornus ). Rarer tree or large shrub species include Jerusalem thorn ( Paliurus spina-christi ) and prickly juniper ( Juniperus oxycedrus ). [3] Another important tree species is the evergreen European yew ( Taxus baccata ). [3]

There are a number of Mediterranean herbaceous plants such as Fritillaria graeca , Colchicum bivonae , Anemone pavonina , woodland tulip ( Tulipa sylvestris ), etc. [3]

Fauna

The fauna includes many species that are found in the southernmost regions of Europe. The ornithofauna is very diverse and includes 109 nesting species in the reserve's limited territory. There are 62 species of European conservation importance. In 1997 the reserve, the buffer zone and the Moravska protected area were declared a site of ornithological importance. [3] Of the breeding bird species 30% are characteristic for the Mediterranean biome, including blue rock thrush, common rock thrush, western Orphean warbler, Sardinian warbler, eastern subalpine warbler, olive-tree warbler, eastern black-eared wheatear, black-headed bunting, masked shrike, western rock nuthatch, rock partridge, etc. [3] Important birds of prey include short-toed snake eagle and Eurasian eagle-owl. [3]

The herpetofauna is also varied and includes 11 snake species, such as European ratsnake, Dahl's whip snake, European cat snake, four-lined snake and European blind snake, and two turtle taxa, spur-thighed tortoise and Hermann's tortoise. [3]

Related Research Articles

Popovo Lake Body of water

The Popovo Lake is a glacial lake situated in the northern section of the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is one of the eleven Popovi Lakes. The lake and its surroundings are among the most popular places for summer tourism in Pirin National Park. It is situated at the bottom of the Popovski cirque and is surrounded by the peaks Sivria (2,591 m), Dzhano (2,668 m), Kralev Dvor (2,680 m), Momin Dvor (2,723 m) and Dzhengal (2,730 m).

Kutelo

Kutelo is a summit in the Pirin mountain range, southwestern Bulgaria. With a height of 2,908 m it is the second highest peak in Pirin after Vihren (2,914 m), and the third one in Bulgaria, behind Musala (2,925 m) in Rila and Vihren. Kutelo is a double peak with a small saddle between the two parts, the lower being only one meter below the higher one, at 2,907 m. Seen from the town of Bansko it appears higher than Vihren.

Predel (Bulgaria)

Predel is a mountain saddle (pass) in western Bulgaria between the mountain ranges of Rila to the north and Pirin to the south. It is situated on the territory of the Simitli and Razlog municipalities in Blagoevgrad Province.

Paril Saddle, Bulgaria Mountain pass in western Bulgaria

Paril is a mountain saddle (pass) in western Bulgaria between the mountain ranges of Pirin to the north and Slavyanka to the south. It is situated on the territory of the Sandanski and Hadzhidimovo municipalities in Blagoevgrad Province.

Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa

Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa, also spelled Doupki–Djindjiritza, is a nature reserve in Pirin National Park, located in the homonymous mountain range in south-western Bulgaria. It is situated in Razlog Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province. Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa is among the nation's oldest reserves, declared in 1934 to protect the forests of Macedonian pine and Bosnian pine, both Balkan endemic species. Its territory was further expanded in 1976 and 1980 and spans an area of 2873 ha or 28,73 km2. It was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1977. The reserve encompasses territory between 1200 and 2907 m altitude. Geologically it is dominated by Proterozoic marbles and has extensive karst terrain with numerous caves and karst formations.

Kamenitsa Peak (Pirin) Bulgarian mountain peak

Kamenitsa is a peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located in the northern part of Pirin on the 22 km-long Kamenitsa secondary ridge between the summits of Malka Kamenitsa to the north and Yalovarnika (2,763 m) to the south. Its height is 2,822 m which ranks it on fifth place in Pirin, behind Vihren (2,914 m), Kutelo (2,908 m), Banski Suhodol (2,884 m) and Polezhan (2,851 m). The peak is built up of granite blocks covered in lichens.

Sandanska Bistritsa

The Sandanska Bistritsa is a river in south-western Bulgaria, a left tributary of the Struma. The river is 33 km long and drains the south-western sections of the Pirin mountain range.

Orelyak Peak in south-western Bulgaria

Orelyak, also known as Orelek or Orlovi skali, is a peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. Reaching height of 2,099 m, it is the highest summit of Central Pirin, the second-highest subdivision of the mountain range. Orelayk is situated on Pirin's main ridge to the north of the Baba Peak and to the north-west of the Chala Peak. It has the shape of a triangular dome. The western slopes descend steeply, at places vertically, to the valley of the Pirinska Bistritsa river. Orelayk is built up of karstified marbles. Near its highest point is located a 96 m-high radio and television repeater. The lower part of the northern slopes falls within the territory of the Orelyak Reserve, created to protect the old growth beech forests of Central Pirin.

Yalovarnika

Yalovarnika is a 2,763 m-high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located in the northern part of Pirin on the 22 km-long Kamenitsa secondary ridge between the summits of Kamenitsa (2,822 m) to the north and Zabat (2,688 m), Kuklite (2,686 m) and Golena (2,633 m) to the south.

Banderishki Chukar

Banderishki Chukar is a 2,737 m-high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located in the northern part of Pirin on the main mountain ridge. It is the highest granite peak on the main mountain ridge. It is the 12th highest summit in Pirin.

Melnik Earth Pyramids Geological formation in southwestern Bulgaria

The Melnik Earth Pyramids are rock formations, known as hoodoos, situated at the foothills of the Pirin mountain range in south-western Bulgaria. They span an area of 17 km2 near the town of Melnik, Blagoevgrad Province. Reaching a height of up to 100 m these sandstone pyramids are shaped in forms, resembling giant mushrooms, ancient towers and obelisks. They were formed primarily due to erosion from rainfall and bedrock wear. The Melnik Earth Pyramids are a geological phenomenon of global importance and were declared a natural landmark in 1960. The rock formations are home to rich flora and fauna heavily influenced by the Mediterranean climate. They are a tourist destination due to the natural environment of the area, the cultural sights of Melnik and the Rozhen Monastery.

Retizhe

The Retizhe is a river in south-western Bulgaria, a right tributary of the Mesta. The river is 19 km long and drains parts of the eastern slopes of the Pirin mountain range.

Sivria

Sivria is a 2,591 m high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located in the northern part of Pirin on the Dzhangalitsa ridge that stems from Pirin's main ridge at the summit of Dzhano (2,668 m). The eastern slopes descent to the Kremenski Lakes, while the northern and western slopes descent almost vertically to the Popovski cirque.

Dzhano

Dzhano is a 2,668 m high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located in the northern part of Pirin on the mountain's main ridge between Demirkapia Saddle and the summit of Chengelchal (2,709 m) in the south. From Dzhano the main ridge turns in southern direction. To the north the short secondary ridge Dzhangalitsa leads to the summit of Sivria (2,591 m). The north-eastern slopes descent to the Kremenski cirque and the homonymous lakes, to the east is the Kamenishki cirque and to the west — the Demirkapia one. Seen from Popovo Lake the summit appears imposing, though lower than the peaks along the main ridge further south. The peak is built up of porphyry granite blocks and is covered in moraines.

Disilitsa

Disilitsa is a 2,700 m high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is located on the Polezhan secondary ridge at the end of a stem between Ushitsite and the summit of Kaymakchal (2,753 m) in the south. The slopes of Disilitsa are steep and rocky; they are covered in mountain pine at lower altitude. To the north there is a panoramic view towards the wooded slopes of the Yulen Nature Reserve and the Razlog Valley. To the north-west are located the two Perleshki Lakes and the cirque to the south-east hosts the Pleshivoto Lake, one of the highest in Pirin. The peak is built up of granite.

Ushite

Ushite is a 1,978 m peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria, making it the highest summit in South Pirin. It is situated on the main mountain ridge between the peaks of Sveshtnik (1,975 m) and Mutorok (1,971 m). Ushite is covered with forests. In Bulgarian its name means "the ears" and the etymology is linked with the presence of several rock piles on the summit likened to ears.

Sveshtnik

Svesthnik is a 1,975 m peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria, making it the second highest summit in South Pirin after Ushite (1,978 m). It rises on the main mountain ridge to the south of Popovi Livadi saddle and to the north-west of Ushite. Svesthnik is built up of granite and has a conical shape with rounded steep slopes. Its slopes are covered with forests of Scots pine and Norway spruce, while the summit itself is bare, covered with subalpine herbaceous vegetation.

Muratov Vrah

Muratov Vrah is a 2,669 m high peak in the Pirin mountain range, south-western Bulgaria. It is situated on the main ridge of the mountain range, to the southwest of the summit of Hvoynati Vrah (2,635 m) and to the northwest of the rocky ridge Donchovi Karauli, from which it is separated by the saddle Banderishka porta. In southwestern direction from the summit branches the Sinanitsa secondary ridge of Pirin.

Pirinska Bistritsa

The Pirinska Bistritsa is a river in south-western Bulgaria, a left tributary of the Struma. The river is 53 km long; the last 7 km before its confluence with the Struma forms the border between Bulgaria and Greece. Pirinska Bistritsa drains the south-western sections of the Pirin mountain range and the northern sections of the Slavyanka mountain range.

Sandanski–Petrich Valley

Sandanski–Petrich Valley is situated in southwestern Bulgaria along the river Struma and its right tributary Strumeshnitsa, with a very small part of the territory extending to Greece. The valley is enclosed by several mountain ranges, three of them reaching heights of over 2,000 m, and is open to the Strumitsa Valley to the west and the Serres Valley to the south. Due to the proximity to the Aegean Sea, the climate is continental Mediterranean, making Sandanski–Petrich Valley one of the warmest regions of Bulgaria.

References

  1. Dushkov 1972 , p. 165
  2. 1 2 "Register of the Protected Territories and Zones in Bulgaria". Official Site of the Executive Environment Agency of Bulgaria.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Tisata Reserve". Official Site of Pirin National Park. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  4. 1 2 Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980 , p. 491

References