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The Red Guards were the paramilitary units of the Finnish labour movement in the early 1900s. The first Red Guards were established during the 1905 general strike, but disbanded a year later. After the Russian 1917 February revolution the Red Guards were re-established and in the 1918 Finnish Civil War they formed the army of Red Finland. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at between 90,000 and 120,000 during the course of the conflict. The number included more than 2,000 members of the Women's Guards. In May 1918, up to 80,000 Reds were captured by the victorious Whites, 12,000 to 14,000 of them died in the prison camps due to execution, disease and malnutrition. A majority of the Reds were finally pardoned in late 1918.
Charles Emil Ruthenberg was an American Marxist politician and a founder and head of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). He is one of three Americans to be buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Cathal Goulding was Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army and the Official IRA.
Niilo Frans Wälläri was a Finnish socialist, syndicalist politician. Wälläri led the Finnish Seamen's Union from 1938 until his death.
Toivo Hjalmar Långström was a Finnish politician and trade union activist. He was the last leader of Socialist Workers' Party of Finland from May to August 1923 before the party was banned and its leadership imprisoned. Långström was in jail at the Tammisaari prison camp for political reasons between 1930 and 1934 and during Finland's 1941-1944 Continuation War against the Soviet Union, Långström was also active in the Communist Party of Finland and (later) the Finnish People's Democratic League.
Adolf Pietarinpoika Taimi was a Finnish-Soviet Bolshevik and a member of the People's Delegation during the Finnish Civil War. After the civil war Taimi fled to Soviet Russia where he was one of the founding members of the Communist Party of Finland.
Ernestas Galvanauskas was a Lithuanian engineer, politician and one of the founders of the Peasant Union. He also served twice as Prime Minister of Lithuania.
Pierre Semard was a trade unionist, secretary general of the federation of railway-workers and leader of the French Communist Party. He was shot in prison by the Nazi occupiers in 1942, and is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He was key figure in the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) and a trade unionist in the Confédération générale du travail unitaire (CGTU) and Confédération générale du travail (CGT).
Socialist Workers' Party of Finland was a Finnish political party in the early 1920s. The SSTP consisted of radical leftists who split from the Social Democratic Party of Finland after the Finnish Civil War of 1918. The banned Communist Party of Finland (SKP) was the main force behind the party but other socialists were also involved. The SSTP was banned in 1923 and its leading members, including 27 members of parliament, were jailed. The party was succeeded by the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders (1924–1930).
The Revolutions of 1917–1923 were a revolutionary wave that included political unrest and armed revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I. The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature. Some socialist revolts failed to create lasting socialist states. The revolutions had lasting effects in shaping the future European political landscape, with for example the collapse of the German Empire and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.
Antti Johannes Kaarne was a Finnish industrial worker, smallholder, newspaper editor and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland, representing from 1908 to 1911 the Christian Workers' Union of Finland (SKrTL) and from 1922 to 1923 the Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (SSTP). In 1923 he was imprisoned on sedition charges.
Frans Werner Hiilos was a Finnish sailor, railway worker, trade union functionary and politician. From 1918 to 1920 he was imprisoned for having sided with the Reds during the Finnish Civil War. From 1922 to 1923 he was a member of the Parliament of Finland, representing the Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (SSTP). From 1923 to 1926 he served a second prison sentence for sedition.
Carl Paivio was a Finnish American labor activist and anarchist. He became known in 1919 during the First Red Scare as Paivio and his fellow anarchist Gust Alonen were convicted of "criminal anarchy" for writing in a radical newspaper. Paivio and Alonen were the first activists convicted in the State of New York for violating the Criminal Anarchy law, although it was passed already in 1902 right after the assassination of the president William McKinley.
The Tammisaari camp was a concentration camp and prison in Dragsvik, Ekenäs in Finland. It was set for the Reds captured by the Whites in the 1918 Finnish Civil War. The concentration camp operated from May 1918 to 15 September 1918 when the majority of the captured Reds were released on parole. Tammisaari camp was then turned into a forced labour camp for convicted Reds and later in the early 1920s into a facility for political prisoners. Tammisaari camp was known as the most notorious of all Finnish Civil War prison camps. Between May and September 1918 nearly 3,000 of the 8,700 prisoners died of executions, disease or malnutrition.
Matti Väisänen was a Finnish trade union activist and politician. He sided with the Reds during the Finnish Civil War in 1918 and after the defeat of the Red side he fled to Soviet Russia, from where he returned to Finland in 1919. Väisänen was the chairman of the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ) from 1920 to 1923. He served as a Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (SSTP) Member of the Parliament of Finland from 5 September until 20 December 1922, when he lost his seat. He was imprisoned on sedition charges in 1923. In the 1925 Finnish presidential election, while still in prison, he was the presidential candidate of the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders, receiving 6.6% of the vote. From 1929 to 1930, he was active in the short-lived Left Group of Finnish Workers.
Yrjö Oskar Ruutu was a Finnish social scientist and politician. Ruutu was the first principal of the School of Social Sciences 1925–1932, 1935–1945 and 1949–1953, and the first Finnish professor of International relations 1949–1954. Ruutu was the first in Finland to defend his doctoral thesis on social sciences and wrote the first Finnish presentation on international relations as a science. He was also the head of the National Board of Education 1945–1950.
Ivar Fredrik Lassy was a Finnish writer and anthropologist who was active in the Socialist and Communist parties. Lassy moved to the Soviet Union in 1923 and was killed during the Great Purge.
Robert Aleksander Oksa was a Finnish-born wrestler and wrestling coach. He was the head coach of the Estonian and Swedish national teams in the 1920s–1950s.
Albert Viktor Kallio was a Finnish politician and member of the Parliament of Finland, the national legislature. A member of the Socialist Workers' Party, he represented Uusimaa between September 1922 and October 1923.
Aleksander Allila was a Finnish politician and member of the Parliament of Finland, the national legislature. A member of the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders, he represented Uusimaa between May 1924 and September 1927.