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Toktogul Satylganov | |
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توقتوعۇل ساتىلعان ۇۇلۇ | |
Born | Toktogul Satylganov 25 October 1864 |
Died | 17 February 1933 68) Sasyk-dzhiide, Kirghiz ASSR, Soviet Union | (aged
Toktogul Satylganov (Kyrgyz : Токтогул Сатылган уулу, romanized: Toktogul Satylgan uulu, Perso-Arabic: توقتوعۇل ساتىلعان ۇۇلۇ; Russian : Токтогул Сатылганов, romanized: Toktogul Satylganov; 25 October 1864 – 17 February 1933) [1] was the most famous of the Kyrgyz Akyns – improvising poets and singers. [2] The Kyrgyz town of Toktogul in the Jalal-Abad Region is named in his honor.[ citation needed ] Toktogul was born in Kushchusu, [3] a village now submerged in the Toktogul Reservoir. [4] [5]
Toktogul was a well-known poet and composer with democratic views even during the Tsarist Russia's colonial era in Southern Kyrgyzstan (1876–1917).[ citation needed ]
On the eve of the revolt led by Muhammad Ali Madali, the Sufi ishan, Toktogul was harshly criticizing local Kyrgyz lords in Ketmen-Tobe valley.[ citation needed ]
Madali ishan, seeking to rid the area of the Russians and restore the formerly independent khanate of Khokand, called for "holy war", and led 2,000 men against Tsarist Russia on 17–18 May 1898 (30–31 May 1898 in the Gregorian calendar). However, his force was blocked outside the city on Andijan by the Russian 20th Line Battalion and defeated. Of those 2,000, 546 were put on trial, and Madali and five of his lieutenants hanged. [6]
Most of the sentenced people were Kyrgyz people in the Ferghana valley and mountainous areas in Chatkal, Aksy and Ketmen-Tobe in what is now southern Kyrgyzstan. Among them was prominent poet-improviser and composer Toktogul, who was jailed by a false accusation by his political foes in the Ketmen-Tobe valley about his alleged participation in the revolt. He returned from Siberia jail (in the village of Kuitun near the town of Irkutsk) in 1905.[ citation needed ]
His fame reached a high point in the Soviet era when his works were promoted by the state as a musician of the people and he was known throughout Kyrgyzstan simply as "Toktogul". [7] This distinction was founded largely on his works in the pre-revolutionary era which were interpreted as reflecting the class struggle. Modern interpretations, however, suggest that they had more to do with clan rivalries. [7] Despite this, he welcomed the revolution, writing "What woman gave a birth to such a person like Lenin?" in celebration. [2] Even after the fall of the Soviet Union Toktogul's songs remain popular among Kyrgyz performers, and many streets, parks, schools, and even his home town are named after him. [2]
Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked nation in Central Asia, with an area of 199,951 km². The national territory extends about 900 km (560 mi) from east to west and 410 km (250 mi) from north to south.
Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of 3,000 m (9,843 ft) altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mud slides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions. Additional problems are because many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. The horse is still a much used transport option, especially in rural and inaccessible areas, as it does not depend on imported fuel.
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in eastern Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's over 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.
Fergana Valley is a valley in Central Asia, lying mostly in eastern Uzbekistan, extending into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan.
The Basmachi movement was an uprising against Imperial Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia by rebel groups inspired by Islamic beliefs.
Osh is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan, located in the Fergana Valley in the south of the country. It is often referred to as the "capital of the south". It is the oldest city in the country and has served as the administrative center of Osh Region since 1939. The city has an ethnically mixed population of 322,164 in 2021, comprising Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Koreans, and other smaller ethnic groups.
Russian Turkestan was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the Kazakh Steppe, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva. It was populated by speakers of Russian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik.
Jalal-Abad Region is a region (oblus) of Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is the city of the same name, Jalal-Abad. It is surrounded by Talas Region, Chüy Region, Naryn Region, Osh Region, and Uzbekistan. Jalal-Abad Region was established on 21 November 1939. On 27 January 1959 it became a part of Osh Region, but regained its old status as a region on 14 December 1990. Its total area is 32,418 km2 (12,517 sq mi). The resident population of the region was 1,260,617 as of January 2021. The region has a sizeable Uzbek minority.
The Khanate of Kokand was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.
Aqyn or akyn, is an improvisational poet, singer, and oral repository within the Kazakh and Kyrgyz cultures. Aqyns differ from the zhyraus or manaschys, who are instead song performers or epic storytellers.
Toktogul, is a city in Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 20,577 in 2021. It is the administrative seat of Toktogul District.
Soviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.
Toktogul Dam is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam on the Naryn River in the Jalal-Abad Province of Kyrgyzstan. It is a concrete gravity dam with height of 215 metres (705 ft) and length of 292.5 metres (960 ft). It is a part of the Naryn-Syr Darya cascade. It is named after Toktogul Satilganov.
Toktogul is a district of Jalal-Abad Region in western Kyrgyzstan. The administrative seat lies at Toktogul. Its area is 7,815 square kilometres (3,017 sq mi), and its resident population was 103,310 in 2021.
The Andijan uprising of 1898 was a nationalist rebellion which occurred on 29 May [O.S. 17 May] 1898. Around 1,500 armed men attacked the Russian forces at Andijan, under the direction of the Naqshbandi Sufi sheikh "Dukchi Ishan" (1856–1898). The attack saw the rebels surround the camp, taking the soldiers of the 20th Russian battalion by complete surprise. However, the Russian troops quickly regrouped and managed to rout the rebels. The uprising lasted about 15 minutes.
Muhammad Ali Madali was an īshān of the Naqshbandi Sufi order, who led an 1898 revolt against Russian domination, centred in the town of Andijan.
Alexander Moiseyevich Veprik, also Weprik, was a Russian-(Ukrainian) Soviet composer and music educator. Veprik is considered one of the greatest composers of the "Jewish school" in Soviet music.
Aaly Tokombaev was a poet, composer, and a famous novelist who greatly influenced the Kyrgyz nation. In 1927 he graduated from the Middle Asian Community University (presently National University of Uzbekistan, in Tashkent. After graduation, he fully devoted himself to Soviet Kyrgyz literature.
The Central Asian revolt of 1916, also known as the Semirechye Revolt and as Urkun in Kyrgyzstan, was an anti-Russian uprising by the indigenous inhabitants of Russian Turkestan sparked by the conscription of Muslims into the Russian military for service on the Eastern Front during World War I. The rampant corruption of the Russian colonial regime and Tsarist colonialism with regards to its economic, political, religious, and national dimensions are all seen as contributing causes.
The Toktogul Satylganov Kyrgyz National Philharmonic is a landmark building in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan and home to musical performances. It is named after Kyrgyz aqyn Toktogul Satylganov.
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