Tokugawa Iesada | |
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Shōgun | |
In office 1853–1858 | |
Monarch | Kōmei |
Preceded by | Tokugawa Ieyoshi |
Succeeded by | Tokugawa Iemochi |
Personal details | |
Born | Edo,Tokugawa shogunate (now Tokyo,Japan) | 6 May 1824
Died | 14 August 1858 34) Tokugawa shogunate | (aged
Spouse(s) | Princess Takatsukasa Atsuko Princess IchijōHideko Princess Atsu |
Parent(s) | Tokugawa Ieyoshi Honjuin |
Signature | ![]() |
Tokugawa Iesada ( 徳川 家定 ,May 6,1824 –August 14,1858) was the 13th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He held office for five years from 1853 to 1858. He was physically weak and was therefore considered by later historians to have been unfit to be shōgun. [1] His reign marks the beginning of the Bakumatsu period.
Iesada was born in Edo Castle as Masanosuke (政之助)—the fourth son of the 12th shōgun Tokugawa Ieyoshi with his concubine,known as Honjuin. As most of Ieyoshi's children died in infancy or before coming of age,Iesada was appointed heir at a very early age,but his interaction with people was very restricted in an effort to prevent contracting any illnesses. Some[ who? ] historians have theorized that he may have suffered from cerebral palsy. He had suffered from smallpox in early childhood,which left his face pockmarked. On the death of Tokugawa Ienari in 1841,concerns were raised on the fitness of Iesada as heir,with Tokugawa Yoshinobu named as a potential successor. However,this was strongly opposed by the rōjū Abe Masahiro,and Iesada remained heir.
Iesada became shōgun on the sudden death of his father,Tokugawa Ieyoshi at the height of the Black Ships episode. Already in poor health,he took no active role in political affairs,leaving negotiations with the Americans in the hand of Abe Masahiro. The Convention of Kanagawa was signed on March 31,1854. Abe resigned his post shortly afterwards,and was replaced as leader of the rōjū by Hotta Masayoshi.
On November 4–7,1854,the Great Nankaidō earthquakes and tsunamis killed 80,000 people. This was followed by the 1854 Tōkai earthquake on December 23,1854. The earthquake struck primarily in the Tōkai region but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the BōsōPeninsula in modern-day Chiba Prefecture to Tosa Province (modern-day Kōchi Prefecture). [2] The earthquake and tsunami also struck Shimoda on Izu peninsula;and because the port had just been designated as the prospective location for a U.S. consulate,some construed the natural disasters as demonstration of the displeasure of the kami. [3]
The 1854 Nankai earthquake followed on December 24,1854,killing over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu, [2] and the 1855 earthquake in Edo,one of the Ansei great earthquakes,with resulting fire damage and loss of life. [4] [5]
On December 18,1856,he married Princess Atsu,adopted daughter of Shimazu Nariakira and Konoe Tadahiro. She was known as Midaidokoro Atsuko (first-wife Atsuko).
On October 21,1857,Iesada received the newly arrived American Consul Townsend Harris in an audience at Edo Castle.
Under Hotta Masayoshi's advice,Iesada ultimately signed the Harris Treaty of 1858 (the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States), [6] and subsequently other Unequal Treaties (including the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty,and Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce) which broke the sakoku (isolation) policy and opened Japan to foreign influences.
Kōmei,the reigning emperor at the time,was a major opponent of his policies. This strengthened the sonnōjōi movement.
Ii Naosuke was appointed tairō from April 23,1858.
A widespread cholera outbreak from 1858 to 1860 is believed to have killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo alone. [7] Iesada died childless in 1858,possibly from the cholera outbreak. His grave is at the Tokugawa clan temple of Kan'ei-ji in Ueno. His buddhist name was Onkyoin.
Political factions within the bakufu clashed over the succession. [8] Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito,Satsuma and others wanted to see Tokugawa Yoshinobu as his successor,while the Ōoku and shogunate officials including Ii Naosuke supported Tokugawa Iemochi,and succeeded. These quarrels ended in the Ansei Purge.
Iesada was initially married to Princess Takatsukasa Atsuko (1823–1848),the daughter of kampaku Takatsukasa Masahiro in 1842. However,she died of smallpox without having given birth to an heir. His second official wife was Princess IchijōHideko (1825–1850),daughter of IchijōTadayoshi in 1849. She died of illness less than a year later. His third marriage was to Princess Atsu (1836–1883),the adopted daughter of the daimyōof Satsuma,Shimazu Nariakira. However,none of these marriages produced any children. Before he died,he adopted his cousin as his son,Tokugawa Yoshitomi (later Tokugawa Iemochi).
The years in which Iesada was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name,or nengō .
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Tokugawa Iesada is featured in the 2008 NHK taiga drama Atsuhime , which chronicles the life of his wife Tenshō-in. He is portrayed by Masato Sakai. Iesada's portrayal in this series (unlike most other characterizations of him as an imbecile), [10] presents a romanticized (and largely-fictionalized) image him as a reasonable, if weak-willed individual, whose interactions with his wife Atsuhime pushed him to exert effort into his work as shōgun .
Osahito (統仁), posthumously honored as Emperor Kōmei was the 121st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kōmei's reign spanned the years from 1846 through 1867, corresponding to the final years of the Edo period.
Bakumatsu was the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as sakoku and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji government. The major ideological-political divide during this period was between the pro-imperial nationalists called ishin shishi and the shogunate forces, which included the elite shinsengumi swordsmen.
Tokugawa Ieyoshi was the 12th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan.
Tokugawa Iemochi was the 14th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, who held office from 1858 to 1866. During his reign there was much internal turmoil as a result of the "re-opening" of Japan to western nations. Iemochi's reign also saw a weakening of the shogunate.
Ii Naosuke was a daimyō of Hikone (1850–1860) and also Tairō of the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan, a position he held from April 23, 1858, until his death, assassinated in the Sakuradamon Incident on March 24, 1860. He is most famous for signing the Harris Treaty with the United States, granting access to ports for trade to American merchants and seamen and extraterritoriality to American citizens. He was also an enthusiastic and accomplished practitioner of the Japanese tea ceremony, in the Sekishūryū style, and his writings include at least two works on the tea ceremony.
Ansei (安政) was a Japanese era name after Kaei and before Man'en. This period spanned the years from November 1854 through March 1860. The reigning emperor was Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).
Shimazu Nariakira was a Japanese feudal lord (daimyō) of the Edo period, the 28th in the line of Shimazu clan lords of Satsuma Domain.
The Satsuma Domain, briefly known as the Kagoshima Domain, was a domain (han) of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1602 to 1871.
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