Related Research Articles
Trần Nhân Tông,personal name Trần Khâm,temple name Nhân Tông,was the third emperor of the Trần dynasty,reigning over Đại Việt from 1278 to 1293. After ceding the throne to his son Trần Anh Tông,Nhân Tông held the title Retired Emperor from 1294 to his death in 1308. During the second and third Mongol invasions of Đại Việt,the Emperor Nhân Tông and his father the Retired Emperor Thánh Tông were credited with the decisive victory against the Yuan dynasty and would thenceforth establish a long period of peace and prosperity over the country.
Trần Thánh Tông,personal name Trần Hoảng (陳晃),was the second emperor of the Trần dynasty,reigning over Đại Việt from 1258 to 1278. After ceding the throne to his son Trần Nhân Tông,Thánh Tông held the title of retired emperor from 1279 to his death in 1290. During the second and the third Mongol invasions of Đại Việt,Retired Emperor Thánh Tông and Emperor Nhân Tông were credited as the supreme commanders who led the nation to the final victories and,as a result,established a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. With his successful rulings in both military and civil matters,Trần Thánh Tông was considered one of the greatest emperors of not only the Trần dynasty but also the whole dynastic era in the history of Vietnam.
Prince Trung VõTrần ThủĐộ was a general and leader of the Trần clan during the reign of LýHuệTông and LýChiêu Hoàng of Vietnam. He was the chief mastermind between the overthrowal the Lýdynasty and the establishment of the Trần dynasty by his arrangement of marriage between the Empress Regnant Chiêu Hoàng and his nephew Trần Cảnh. He later forced LýChiêu Hoàng to abdicate the throne to Trần Cảnh,who became emperor as Trần Thái Tông. Trần ThủĐộwas appointed grand chancellor and regent to the emperor.
LýChiêu Hoàng,personal name LýPhật Kim (李佛金) later renamed to LýThiên Hinh (李天馨),was the ninth and last sovereign of the Lýdynasty,empress of Đại Việt from 1224 to 1225. She is the only empress regnant in Vietnamese history and the second Vietnamese female monarch as Trưng Trắc is the first female monarch and the only queen regnant.
Trần Anh Tông,personal name Trần Thuyên (陳烇),courtesy name Nhật Sủy (日煃) or Nhật Sáng (日㷃/日𤊞),was the fourth emperor of the Trần dynasty,reigning over Dai Viet from 1293 to 1314. After ceding the throne to his son Trần Minh Tông,Anh Tông held the title Retired Emperor for six years. As the first Trần emperor who ruled in total peace with respect to foreign affairs,Anh Tông was known for his successful reign of Đại Việt,which brought a long period of peace and prosperity over the country. He also had several military victories over the kingdoms of Champa and Laos.
Trần NghệTông,given name Trần Phủ (陳暊),was the eighth emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned Vietnam from 1370 to 1372.
Trần PhếĐế,given name Trần Hiện,was the tenth emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned Đại Việt from 1377 to 1388. After his father's death in Battle of ĐồBàn in January 1377,PhếĐếwas enthroned as Đại Việt Emperor by the Retired Emperor Trần NghệTông who acted as PhếĐế's regent during his reign. Fearing the rise of HồQuýLy in royal court,PhếĐếtried to reduce his power but HồQuýLy already got ahead of this plot by a defamation campaign against the Emperor which ultimately made NghệTông decide to dethrone PhếĐếin December 1388. PhếĐếwas downgraded to Prince Linh Đức and forced to commit suicide and his supporters in royal court were purged by HồQuýLy faction. The death of PhếĐếmarked the last step of HồQuýLy's power seizing from Trần clan.
Trần Thuận Tông,given name Trần Ngung,was the eleventh emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned in Đại Việt from 1388 to 1398. He was chosen to succeed to this position by his father,the Retired Emperor Trần NghệTông,after NghệTông decided to dethrone and force Trần PhếĐếto commit suicide. Although holding the position emperor for ten years and retired emperor for one more year,Thuận Tông's reign was totally under the control of NghệTông and HồQuýLy. It was HồQuýLy who obliged Thuận Tông to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa,HồQuýLy was also responsible for the resignation of Thuận Tông as emperor and his death afterward. Only one year after Thuận Tông's death,the Trần dynasty collapsed while HồQuýLy established his own dynasty,the Hồdynasty.
Trần Thiếu Đế,was the twelfth and the last emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned over Vietnam from 1398 to 1400.
Trần Thừa was the head of the Trần clan and a high-ranking mandarin during the reign of LýHuệTông and LýChiêu Hoàng. After the overthrow of the Lýdynasty by Trần ThủĐộ,Trần Thừa's second son Trần Cảnh was enthroned as Trần Thái Tông,the first emperor of the Trần dynasty. Being the Emperor's father,Trần Thừa was honoured by the title Retired Emperor and given the temple name Trần Thái Tổ after his death. He was thus the first retired emperor of the Trần dynasty and the only one who had not held the throne.
Prince Nhân HuệTrần Khánh Dư (?–1339) was the adopted prince of the Retired Emperor Trần Thánh Tông and a general of Đại Việt army in royal court of four successive emperors of the Trần Dynasty:Thánh Tông,Nhân Tông,Anh Tông,and Minh Tông. Although notoriously known by his greedy character in peace,Trần Khánh Dưwas a prominent general during the war of resistance by the Trần Dynasty against the second and third invasions of the Yuan Dynasty. Especially,Prince Nhân Huệwas considered one of the most skilled commander of Trần navy who was credited with the victory of Đại Việt in Battle of Vân Đồn (1287).
Prince Tĩnh Quốc Trần Quốc Khang (1237–1300) was the first prince of the Emperor Trần Thái Tông,the eldest brother of Trần Thánh Tông and princes Trần Quang Khải,Trần Ích Tắc and Trần Nhật Duật. Although a son of Thái Tông in name,Trần Quốc Khang's father was actually Prince Hoài Trần Liễu,who was forced by grand chancellor Trần ThủĐộto give up his wife,Princess Thuận Thiên,to his younger brother Thái Tông when she was already pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang. For this reason,Trần Quốc Khang was not chosen as successor of Thái Tông for the throne,and he did not have a significant role in royal court either,as his younger brothers did. Afterwards he was appointed as governor of NghệAn,a position that his descendants inherited. Since Trần Quốc Khang was in fact a son of Trần Liễu,he was also a natural brother of general Trần Hưng Đạo,commander-in-chief of Đại Việt army.
Prince Yên Sinh Trần Liễu (1211–1251) was the elder brother of the Trần Thái Tông,the first emperor of Trần Dynasty. Initially,Trần Liễu was honoured by his younger brother with the title King Hiển but he was downgraded to Prince Yên Sinh after the short-lived revolt in fury of losing his pregnant wife,Princess Thuận Thiên,to the Emperor under the pressure of Imperial Regent Trần ThủĐộ. Besides this event,Trần Liễu was well known in the history of Vietnam for being the father of Trần Hưng Đạo,commander-in-chief of the Đại Việt army during the second and third war of resistance against the Mongol invasion.
National Matriarch Linh TừTrần ThịDung (1193[?]–1259) was the last empress and the last empress mother of the Lýdynasty. She was entitled by the Emperor LýHuệTông as Empress Consort of the Lýdynasty from 1216 to 1225 before becoming Empress Mother of the Lýdynasty when her daughter LýPhật Kim was enthroned as LýChiêu Hoàng in 1225. After Trần ThủĐộ,Trần ThịDung's cousin,successfully overthrew the Lýdynasty and founded the Trần dynasty,Trần ThịDung was downgraded to Princess Thiên Cực while her brother Trần Thừa's son became Trần Thái Tông,first emperor of the Trần dynasty. Before LýChiêu Hoàng,Trần ThịDung had another daughter who eventually also became Empress Consort of the Trần dynasty,Empress Thuận Thiên.
Empress Thuận Thiên (1216–1248) was the second empress of Trần dynasty,she succeeded her younger sister Empress Chiêu Thánh in 1237 by an arrangement of Trần ThủĐộin which Prince Hoài Trần Liễu was forced to give up his 3-month pregnant wife Princess Thuận Thiên to the Emperor Trần Thái Tông. Thuận Thiên was born in the royal family of the Lýdynasty as the first child of the Emperor LýHuệTông and Lady Thuận Trinh Trần ThịDung with whom she witnessed the turbulent time of the Late Lýand Early Trần Dynasty. She was mother of four princes including the second emperor of the Trần Dynasty Trần Thánh Tông and grand chancellor Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải.
LýThần Tông (1116–1138),personal name LýDương Hoán,was the fifth emperor of the Lýdynasty,reigning over Đại Việt from 1127 to his death in 1138. Becoming the ruler of Đại Việt at the age of twelve,LýThần Tông successfully maintained the order of the royal court and strengthened the stability of the country with the assistance of capable officials. For that reason,Đại Việt under LýThần Tông was able to witness a peaceful period like during the reign of his predecessors. However,LýThần Tông died at age 22 before passing the throne to his crown prince LýThiên Tộ.
ĐỗAnh Vũ (1113–1158) was an official in the royal court of LýAnh Tông,the sixth emperor of the Lýdynasty. Considered the most prominent figure of the consort clan during the Early Lýperiod,ĐỗAnh Vũheld the most powerful position in the royal court from 1140 to his death in 1158 except a short period in which ĐỗAnh Vũwas toppled by a group of officials led by the military commander VũĐái. According to dynastic historians such as NgôSĩLiên and LêVăn Hưu,ĐỗAnh Vũwas a skilled but arrogant official who profited his position,that came from his intimate relation with the Empress Mother Lêthị,to purge other opponents in the royal court by ruthless method. However,the discovery in the late 1930s of a stele engraved the description about the life of ĐỗAnh Vũprovided an alternative perspective about the official in which ĐỗAnh Vũwas highly praised for his noble character and devotion for the stability of the Lýdynasty.
TôHiến Thành was an official in the royal court of LýAnh Tông and LýCao Tông,the sixth and seventh emperors of the Lýdynasty. Being a capable official of LýAnh Tông who helped the emperor in civil and military matters,TôHiến Thành was chosen by LýAnh Tông for the regentship of his son LýLong Trát. He was granted the title Prince and thus became the only possessor of the title who did not come from the Lýroyal family. The achievements and loyalty of TôHiến Thành to the infant emperor LýCao Tông made him a highly praised figure in the history of Vietnam. Today,TôHiến Thành is considered one of the most prominent mandarins in the dynastic time of Vietnam.
TôTrung Từ was a high ranking general near the end of the Lýdynasty in the History of Vietnam,and attempted to usurp the Lýdynasty during his reign of the dynasty's royal court. He was born in Lưu Gia village in Thái Bình province.
References
Notes
- ↑ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 , p. 184
- 1 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , p. 153
- 1 2 3 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , p. 154
- ↑ This title in Trần Trọng Kim's work and Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục was Marquis Chương Tín (Chương Tín hầu). Trần Trọng Kim 1971 , p. 47; National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 , p. 184
- ↑ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 , pp. 184–185
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , pp. 154–155
- 1 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , p. 155
- ↑ Chapuis 1995 , p. 79
- ↑ Trần Trọng Kim 1971 , p. 47
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , pp. 155–156
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , p. 156
- ↑ Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993 , pp. 157–158
Bibliography
- Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
- National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
- Trần Trọng Kim (1971), Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
- Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7