Treaty of Canton

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Treaty of Canton
Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between the King of Sweden and Norway and the Empire of China
TypeBilateral
SignedMarch 20, 1847 (1847-03-20)
EffectiveOctober 28, 1847 (1847-10-28)
PartiesChina and Sweden-Norway
LanguagesSwedish and Chinese

The Treaty of Canton (Chinese :中瑞廣州條約, Swedish : Fördraget i Kanton) was the first treaty made between Sweden-Norway and the Chinese Empire. [1] The treaty was negotiated in March 1847 by Carl Fredrik Liljevalch and Qiying, the Viceroy of Liangguang, [2] and was one of the unequal treaties between Western powers and China that followed the First Opium War.

Contents

The treaty was actually never ratified by Chinese representatives, which cast a shadow over the legality of the outcome, but nevertheless went into effect, lasting the following 60 years. [3]

Provisions

Its terms, similar to the 1844 Treaty of Wanghia between the United States and China, provided that Sweden-Norway would have the same privileges in China as other treaty powers, so-called most-favored-nation status. [4] Like the United States and British Empire before it, commercial access was granted to the five treaty ports of Canton (Kwangchow), Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. This was in stark contrast to previous Western relations with China, when only Canton was open for foreign trade.
Like other Western countries, extraterritorial rights was given to Sweden-Norway; jurisdiction over citizens of Sweden and Norway in the treaty ports was transferred from China to Sweden-Norway. The treaty furthermore allowed Sweden-Norway to send consuls to China, and to have its commerce being subjected to fixed tariffs only. The provisions of the treaty remained in force until the twentieth century, with a new treaty being negotiated in 1908 by Gustav Oscar Wallenberg, three years after the dissolution of Sweden-Norway. [5]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Liljevalch, Carl Fredrik. (1848). Chinas handel: industri och Statsforfattning, p. 22. , p. 22, at Google Books
  2. ↑ Hofbert, Herman et al. (1906). "Liljewalch, Carl Fredrik" Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon, Vol. II, p. 55; retrieved 2011-07-15
  3. ↑ Cassel, Pär. Traktaten som aldrig var och fördraget som nästan inte blev - De svensk-norsk–kinesiska förbindelserna 1847–1909*
  4. ↑ Tai, En-Sai. (1918). Treaty ports in China (a study in diplomacy), p. 161. , p. 161, at Google Books
  5. ↑ "Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, between Sweden and China, Signed at Peking, July 2, 1908, with the Additional Article Signed at Peking May 24, 1909". The American Journal of International Law. 4 (4): 337–346. 1910. doi:10.2307/2212084. JSTOR   2212084. S2CID   246005071.

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References

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