Gerardus Mercator's map of Europe with Pascherti (Bashkort) settlement presumably in the position of modern Ufa.[15] Map was compiled in 1554, twenty years before the official date of the foundation of Ufa.
Early history of the surrounding area of Ufa dates back to Paleolithic times.[16] Presumably, from the 5th to the 16th century there was a medieval city on the site of Ufa.[17] On the Pizzigano brothers' map (1367)[18] and on the Catalan Atlas (1375)[19] a town approximately on the Belaya River was designated Pascherti (Bashkort),[20] and Gerardus Mercator's map (1554) also marked the settlement with the Pascherti name. French orientalist Henri Cordier associates the position of Pascherti with the current location of Ufa.[15]
By order of Ivan the Terrible a fortress was built on the site of modern Ufa in 1574,[24] and originally bore the name of the hill it stood on, Tura-Tau.[25] 1574 is now considered to be the official date of Ufa's foundation.[3] Town status was granted to it in 1586.[4]
Before becoming the seat of a separate Ufa Governorate in 1781, the city, along with the rest of the Bashkir lands, was under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg governors. And even though the 1796 reform reunited Orenburg and Ufa again, in 1802 the city of Ufa became a new center of the entire Orenburg Governorate that included large territories of modern-day Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg Oblast, and Chelyabinsk Oblast. During the 1800-1810s, Scottish Russian architect William Heste developed a general city plan for Ufa as a regional capital shaping the modern outline of its historical center. [citation needed]
The Belaya River Waterway (1870) and the Samara-Zlatoust Railroad (1890) connected the city to the European part of the Russian Empire and stimulated development of the city's light industry. As a result, by 1913 the population of Ufa grew to 100,000. [citation needed] During World War II, following eastward Soviet retreat in 1941, a number of industrial enterprises of the western parts of the Soviet Union were evacuated to Ufa. The city also became the wartime seat of the Soviet Ukrainian government. [citation needed]
According to Forbes, in 2013, Ufa was the best city in Russia for business among cities with population over one million.[27]
Many urban enterprises engaged in oil refining, chemistry, and mechanical engineering reside in Ufa. Additionally, the economy of Ufa is composed of many fuel, energy, and engineering complexes.
Ufa is home to about 200 large and medium industrial enterprises.[28]
Some important enterprises in Ufa include:
UMPO OAO Ufa Engine-Building Production Association: subsidiary of NPO Saturn (gas turbine engines) [29]
Ufa is linked by railways to the rest of Russia, having a railway station on a historic branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Ufa is the only city connected to Moscow by more than one federal highway. The M7 motorway links the city to Kazan and Moscow and the M5 motorway links Ufa to Moscow and to the Asian part of Russia.
The Ufa Metro is a planned and oft-delayed subway system, discussed since the late 1980s. On May30, 1996, there was a ceremony marking the beginning of preparatory construction work, attended by then-President Boris Yeltsin.[31]
Public transportation in Ufa includes trams (since 1937) and trolleybuses (since 1962), as well as bus and marshrutka (routed cabs) lines.[citation needed]
Ufa is situated in eastern Europe near its land boundary with Asia, at the confluence of the Belaya (Agidel) and Ufa Rivers, on low hills forming the Ufa Plateau to the west of the southern Urals. The area of the city is 707.93 square kilometers (273.33sqmi).[7] It stretches from north to south for 53.5 kilometers (33.2mi) and from west to east for 29.8 kilometers (18.5mi).[7]
Council, a representative body. Formed of 35 deputies for 4 years.
Chairman of the Board – the head of the urban okrug. Term of 4 years.
Urban Okrug Administration. The structure of the administration approved by the Council on the proposal of the Head of the Administration.
Head of the Administration manages the administration on the principles of unity of command. He is appointed under a contract entered into by the results of the competition. The term of office of the Head of the Administration is limited to the period of office of the Council of the convocation.[39]
Sports
Akbuzat racecourse. Named after the winged horse in the mythology of Bashkirs, analogue of Pegasus
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan[40]
Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Science (USC RAS)[41]
Ecological problems
Periodically, a suffocating, unpleasant chemical smell is felt on the territory of the Ufa[42][43][44]. The media reports about the smell come out with an enviable regularity. All these reports are not groundless, and the culprits are getting out of responsibility due to the fact that there is no Continuous Emission Control System (CEMS) in the city.
Absence of cleaning streets, there are no street vacuum cleaners, road vacuum sweepers, industrial (street) vacuum cleaners on the streets. Unfortunately, there is a complete lack of cleaning in the city.
According to the letter of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) No. 20-18 / 218 of 11.07.18: "In the framework of solving problems at the federal level in the implementation of the state monitoring of atmospheric air, the territorial office of Roshydromet - FGBU Bashkir UGMS monitors pollution of atmospheric air in Ufa at 9 stationary posts of the state observation network located in different parts of the city to estimate the level of air pollution generated by the total release and stationary and mobile sources of pollutants. Suspended substances (dust) are measured at all 9 posts of the state observation network. The results of observations of the pollutants content are presented on the official website of the Bashkir State Hydrometeorological Service in the section "Monitoring of environmental pollution" (http://www.meteorb.ru/monitorinu/air-pollution-ufa) daily and monthly. In 2017, the maximum single concentration of suspended solids reached 4.6 MPC m. in March 2017, at the address: Oktyabrya Ave., 141, located near the motorway with heavy traffic, and in April 2017 at the post: Dostoyevsky St., 102/1, located in the area of the industrial enterprise. During 2017 almost all posts of the state observation network recorded exceedances of a single concentration of suspended substances. At the same time, in order to implement regional state environmental oversight aimed at preventing, detecting and suppressing violations by public authorities, local authorities, and legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and citizens of requirements in the field of atmospheric air protection, under the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment of the Republic Bashkortostan operates the State Bank of the Republic of Belarus "Office of State Analytical Control", to whose tasks, including GSI "organization of periodic environmental monitoring mobile laboratories in the areas where the population lives in the republic and in the zones of protective measures in the system of the general program of integrated environmental and sanitary-hygienic monitoring. " Going to the site http://www.meteorb.ru/monitoring/air-pollution-ufa found that all 9 posts of the state observational network of Roshydromet are located at a considerable distance from the area of Inors and Sipaylovo, from residential areas. Control of MPC and air quality in residential areas is not carried out.
↑ Правительство Российской Федерации.Федеральный закон№107-ФЗот3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №368-ФЗ от11 октября 2018 г.«О внесении изменений в статью 5 Федерального закона "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силупо истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation.Federal Law#107-FZofJune31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law#368-FZ ofOctober11, 2018 On Amending Article 5 of the Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as ofafter sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
1 2 «Mercator and Hondius (loth Ed., 1630) and N. Sanson (1650) show Jorman on the south of the Kama R., Pascherti in the position of Ufa, the present head-quarter of the Bashkirs, Sagatin ( = Fachatim of the text) at the head of the Ufa River, Marmorea on the Bielaya south of Ufa». — Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Chʻeng-wen Publishing Company, 1967. Henri Cordier
↑ Псянчин А. В. Башкортостан на старых картах. Уфа, 2001. С 70, 71, Он же. Mons Et Urbis: Уральские горы и город Уфа в европейской средневековой картографической традиции//Архив Башкортостана, № 1. 2007. С. 17-23.
↑ Рудаков В. Г. К вопросу о двух столицах в Золотой Орде и местоположении города Гюлистана // Научное наследие А. П. Смирнова и современные проблемы археологии Волго-Камья. Материалы научной конференции. Труды ГИМ. Вып. 122. — М., 2000. — Рис. 1.
↑ Там же; Псянчин А. В. Башкортостан на старых картах. — Уфа, 2001. — С. 71.
↑ Мажитов Н.А,, Султанова А. Н. Сунгатов Ф. А. Башкирские города по арабским источникам IX—X вв. // Вестник АН РБ. 2008. Т. 13, № 2. С. 44-—48; Мажитов Н. А., Сунгатов Ф. А., Иванов В. А., Сатаров Т. Р., Султанова А. Н., Иванова Е. В. Городище Уфа II. Материалы раскопок 2006 года. Т. 1. Уфа, 2007. 160 с: ил.
↑ Золотая Орда в источниках. T.I. Арабские и персидские сочинения. М., 2003. С 169.
↑ Рычков П. И. История Оренбургская (1730—1750 гг.). Оренбург, 1896. С. 68,69.
↑ «Краткое описание губернского города Уфы с начала его построения до сего 1806 года». // Что ж касается башкирцев, то видно из многих описаний, как сего народа, так и о жительстве их, кои от различных возмущений, как и междоусобных воин, так и соседних своих народов, строили маленькие укрепления и городки и наконец, соединясь во множестве, распространили свои жилища и укрепления, а для сей причины и город Уфа построен.
↑ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России"[All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia](XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979года [All-Union Population Census of 1979] (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics.
Правительство Республики Башкортостан.Постановление№391от29 декабря 2006 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Башкортостан», в ред. Постановления №61 от26 февраля 2013 г.«О внесении изменений в реестр административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Башкортостан». Опубликован: "Ведомости Государственного Собрания– Курултая, Президента и Правительства Республики Башкортостан", №5 (251), ст.239, 12 марта 2007 г. (Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan.Resolution#391ofDecember29, 2006 On Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Entities and Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended by the Resolution#61 ofFebruary26, 2013 On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Entities and Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. ).
Государственное Собрание—Курултай Республики Башкортостан.Закон№162-зот17 декабря 2004 г. «О границах, статусе и административных центрах муниципальных образований в Республике Башкортостан», в ред. Закона №572-з от17 июля 2012 г.«О внесении изменения в статью2 Закона Республики Башкортостан "О границах, статусе и административных центрах муниципальных образований в Республике Башкортостан"». Вступил в силув соответствии со статьёй33. Опубликован: "Республика Башкортостан", №52 (25785), 22 марта 2005 г. (State Assembly of Bashkortostan—El Kurultai.Law#162-zofDecember17, 2004 On the Borders, Status, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended by the Law#572-z ofJuly17, 2012 On Amending Article2 of the Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan "On the Borders, Status, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Bashkortostan". Effective as ofthe date established in accordance with the provisions of Article33.).
Совет городского округа города Уфа Республики Башкортостан.Решение№3/6от15 декабря 2005 г. «Об Уставе городского округа город Уфа Республики Башкортостан», в ред. Решения №41/2 от28 января 2015 г.«О внесении изменений в Устав городского округа город Уфа Республики Башкортостан». Вступил в силу29 декабря 2005 г. Опубликован: "Вечерняя Уфа", №248 (10396), 28 декабря 2005 г. (Council of the Municipal Formation of the City of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan.Decision#3/6ofDecember15, 2005 On the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the City of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as amended by the Decision#41/2 ofJanuary28, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Urban Okrug of the City of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Effective as ofDecember29, 2005.).
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