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Finno-Ugric is a traditional grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except the Samoyedic languages. Its formerly commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by some contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio. The three most-spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric.
Hungarian is a Uralic language spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries that used to belong to it. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary, it is also spoken by Hungarian communities in southern Slovakia, western Ukraine (Subcarpathia), central and western Romania (Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje), and eastern Austria.
The Uralic languages form a language family of 42 languages spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Other languages with speakers above 100,000 are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt and Komi spoken in the European parts of the Russian Federation. Still smaller minority languages are Sámi languages of the northern Fennoscandia; other members of the Finnic languages, ranging from Livonian in northern Latvia to Karelian in northwesternmost Russia; and the Samoyedic languages, Mansi and Khanty spoken in Western Siberia.
The Khanty, also known in older literature as Ostyaks, are a Ugric Indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian. In the 2021 Census, 31,467 persons identified themselves as Khanty. Of those, 30,242 were resident in Tyumen Oblast, of whom 19,568 were living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 9,985—in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 495 were residents of neighbouring Tomsk Oblast, and 109 lived in Sverdlovsk Oblast.
The Mansi are an Ob-Ugric Indigenous people living in Khanty–Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in Russia. In Khanty–Mansia, the Khanty and Mansi languages have co-official status with Russian. The Mansi language is one of the postulated Ugric languages of the Uralic family. The Mansi people were formerly known as the Voguls.
The Ugric or Ugrian languages are a proposed branch of the Uralic language family.
The Mordvinic languages, also known as the Mordvin, Mordovian or Mordvinian languages , are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language, both spoken in Mordovia.
Khanty, previously known as Ostyak, is a Uralic language spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century, however the total amount of speakers in the most recent census was around 13,900.
Yugra or Iuhra was a collective name for lands and peoples in the region to the east of the northern Ural Mountains, in the Russian annals of the 12th–17th centuries. During this period the region was inhabited by the Khanty and Mansi (Voguls) peoples.
The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic or Fennic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC. Nowadays the validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus.
The Ob-Ugric languages are a commonly proposed branch of the Uralic languages, grouping together the Khanty (Ostyak) and Mansi (Vogul) languages. Both languages are split in numerous and highly divergent dialects. They, along with Hungarian, are often thought to comprise the Ugric branch of the Uralic languages, though the acceptance of Ugric is less frequent than acceptance of Ob-Ugric.
A large minority of people in North Asia, particularly in Siberia, follow the religio-cultural practices of shamanism. Some researchers regard Siberia as the heartland of shamanism.
Hungarian is a Uralic language of the Ugric group. It has been spoken in the region of modern-day Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the late 9th century.
Elements of a Proto-Uralic religion can be recovered from reconstructions of the Proto-Uralic language.
The term Eastern Hungarians is used in scholarship to refer to peoples related to the Proto-Hungarians, that is, theoretically parts of the ancient community that remained in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains during the Migration Period and as such did not participate in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family, alongside, most notably Finnish and Estonian.
Otto J. von Sadovszky was a Hungarian-American anthropologist who worked at California State University, Fullerton in southern California for most of his career until his retirement. He is best known for his linguistic work attempting to link Native American languages of California to languages spoken in Siberia.
Although the Hungarian language is currently widely acknowledged scientifically and by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences as a member of the Uralic language family, there is a history of other theories from before and after the Uralic connection was established, as well as some fringe theories that continue to deny the connection.
Johanna Laakso is a Finnish linguist and Finno-Ugrist based at the University of Vienna.
References
- ↑ Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
- ↑ Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history. Translated by Bodoczky, Nicholas. Budapest New York: Central European Univ. Press. p. 97,319. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1.
- ↑ Kálmán, Béla (1988). "The history of Ob-Ugric languages". In Denis Sinor (ed.). The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences. Handbuch Der Orientalistik (Abt. 8, Vol. I). Leiden: BRILL. pp. 395–412.
Thus the Ugrians had either to move north or to change nomadic animal breeding. The forefathers of the Ob-Ugrians proceeded northwards and reached the lower and middle reaches of the Ob. The Hungarians' ancestors however became animal breeders.
- 1 2 Skribnik, Elena; Laakso, Johanna (2022). "Ugric: General introduction". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena K. (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 523–524. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4.
- ↑ Hajdú, Péter (1975). Finno-Ugrian Languages and Peoples. London: Deutsch. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-233-96552-9.
- 1 2 Wixman, Ronald (1984). The peoples of the USSR : an ethnographic handbook. Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-585-23536-3.
- ↑ Baynes, T. S., ed. (1879). . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. IX (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 219.
Ugrian Finns include the Voguls [...], the Ostyaks [...] and the Magyars of Hungary
- ↑ Wixman, Ronald (1984). The peoples of the USSR : an ethnographic handbook. Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-585-23536-3.