Une Formation

Une Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian-Cenomanian
~105–97 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Une Formation; Stratigraphic range: Albian-Cenomanian ; ~105–97 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Villeta Group
Underlies	Chipaque Formation
Overlies	Fómeque Fm., Tibasosa Fm.
Thickness	up to 1,100 m (3,600 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Location
Coordinates	4°27′07″N74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W Coordinates: 4°27′07″N74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W
Region	Altiplano Cundiboyacense ; Eastern Ranges, Andes
Country	Colombia
Type section
Named for	Une
Named by	Hubach
Location	Une
Year defined	1957
Coordinates	4°27′07″N74°03′20″W / 4.45194°N 74.05556°W
Region	Cundinamarca, Boyacá
Country	Colombia
	; Paleogeography of Northern South America; 105 Ma, by Ron Blakey

Last updated April 01, 2019

The Une Formation (Spanish : Formación Une, Kiu) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly sandstone formation dates to the Middle Cretaceous period; Albian to Cenomanian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,100 metres (3,600 ft).

Spanish or Castilian is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in the Americas and Spain. It is a global language and the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese.

The Altiplano Cundiboyacense[altiˈplano kundiβoʝaˈsense] is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Altiplano Cundiboyacense comprises three distinctive flat regions; the Bogotá savanna, the valleys of Ubaté and Chiquinquirá, and the valleys of Duitama and Sogamoso. The average altitude of the altiplano is about 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level but ranges from roughly 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).

The Cordillera Oriental is the widest of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The range extends from south to north dividing from the Colombian Massif in Huila Department to Norte de Santander Department where it splits into the Serranía del Perijá and the Cordillera de Mérida in Venezuelan Andes. The highest peak is Ritacuba Blanco at 5,410 m (17,750 ft) in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.

Etymology

The formation was defined in 1957 by Hubach after Une, Cundinamarca.^[1]

Une is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Eastern Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The urban centre is located at an altitude of 2,376 metres (7,795 ft) at a distance of 43 kilometres (27 mi) from the capital Bogotá. The municipality borders Chipaque in the north, Cáqueza and Fosca in the east, Fosca and Gutiérrez in the south and Bogotá in the west.

Department of Cundinamarca is one of the departments of Colombia. Its area covers 22,623 square kilometres (8,735 sq mi) and it has a population of 2,598,245 as of 2013. It was created on August 5, 1886 under the constitutional terms presented on the same year. Cundinamarca is located in the center of Colombia.

Description

Lithologies

The Une Formation has a maximum thickness of 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) and is characterised by a sequence of sandstones.^[2] Fossils of Heminautilus etheringtoni have been found in the Une Formation.^[3]

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments.

Heminautilus is an extinct genus of nautiloids from the nautilacean family Cenoceratidae that lived during the Early Cretaceous. Fossils of Heminautilus have been registered in rocks of Aptian age. Nautiloids are a subclass of shelled cephalopods that were once diverse and numerous but are now represented by only a handful of species.

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Une Formation, part of the Villeta Group, overlies the Fómeque Formation and is overlain by the Chipaque Formation. The age has been estimated to be Albian-Cenomanian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Simijaca, Aguardiente, Caballos and Pacho Formations. The formation has been deposited in a near shore deltaic environment.^[4]

The Villeta Group is a geological group of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, to the west of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The group, a sequence of shales, limestones and sandstones, is subdivided into various formations; Conejo, La Frontera, Simijaca, Hiló, Pacho, Chiquinquirá, Capotes, Socotá, El Peñón, and Trincheras, and dates to the Cretaceous period; Aptian-Coniacian epochs. The group stretches out across four departments, from Huila in the south, through Cundinamarca and Boyacá to southern Santander in the north. The upper part of the Villeta Group is time-equivalent with the La Luna Formation of the Middle Magdalena Valley (VMM) and Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, the Oliní and Güagüaquí Groups of the Guaduas-Vélez synclinal and the Chipaque Formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The lower part has been correlated with the Simití, Tablazo and Paja Formations of the VMM, the upper Tibasosa, Une and Fómeque Formations of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the Capacho, Aguardiente, Tibú-Mercedes and upper Río Negro Formations of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.

The Fómeque Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Barremian to Late Aptian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).

The Chipaque Formation (Spanish: Formación Chipaque, K₂cp, Kc) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Cenomanian-Turonian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields Cupiagua and Cusiana of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the Llanos Orientales.

Outcrops

Type locality of the Une Formation to the south of the Bogotá savanna

The Une Formation is apart from its type locality, found on the Sumapaz Páramo.^[2]

Type locality, also called type area, or type section, is the locality where a particular rock type, stratigraphic unit or mineral species is first identified. If the stratigraphic unit in a locality is layered, it is called a stratotype, whereas the standard of reference for unlayered rocks is the type locality.

Sumapaz Páramo is a large páramo ecosystem located in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense mountain range, considered the largest páramo ecosystem in the world. It was declared a National Park of Colombia in 1977 because of its importance as a biodiversity hotspot and main source of water for the most densely populated area of the country, the Bogotá savanna.

Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges
Age	VMM	Guaduas-Vélez		W Emerald Belt		Villeta anticlinal		Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco	Tunja- Duitama	Altiplano Cundiboyacense		El Cocuy
Maastrichtian	Umir Fm.	Córdoba Fm.		Seca Fm.		eroded		Guadalupe Gp.				Colón-Mito Juan Fm.
Maastrichtian				Umir Fm.
Campanian				Córdoba Fm.
Campanian				Oliní Gp.
Santonian	La Luna Fm.	Cimarrona Fm. - La Tabla Fm.										La Luna Fm.
Coniacian		Oliní Gp.				Villeta Gp	Conejo Fm.		Chipaque Fm.
Coniacian		Güagüaquí Gp	Loma Gorda Fm.	undefined			La Frontera Fm.
Turonian		Güagüaquí Gp	Hondita Fm.	La Frontera Fm.	Otanche Fm.		La Frontera Fm.
Cenomanian	Simití Fm.	hiatus		La Corona Gb.			Simijaca Fm.					Capacho Fm.
Cenomanian				Pacho Fm.			Hiló Fm. - Pacho Fm.	Churuvita Fm.	Une Fm.			Aguardiente Fm.
Albian				Hiló Fm.			Hiló Fm. - Pacho Fm.	Chiquinquirá Sst.	Tibasosa Fm.	Une Fm.		Aguardiente Fm.
Albian	Tablazo Fm.			Tablazo Fm.			Capotes Fm. - La Palma Fm. - Simití Fm.	Simití Fm.		Une Fm.		Tibú-Mercedes Fm.
Aptian	Tablazo Fm.			Capotes Fm.			Socotá Fm. - El Peñón Fm.	Paja Fm.		Fómeque Fm.		Tibú-Mercedes Fm.
	Paja Fm.			Paja Fm.	El Peñón Fm.		Trincheras Fm.					Río Negro Fm.
						La Naveta Fm.
Barremian
Hauterivian					Muzo Fm.					Cáqueza Gp	Las Juntas Fm.
Hauterivian	Rosablanca Fm.				Muzo Fm.			Ritoque Fm.			Las Juntas Fm.
Valanginian				Ritoque Fm.	Furatena Fm.	Útica Fm. - Murca Fm.		Rosablanca Fm.	Girón Fm.		Macanal Fm.
Valanginian				Rosablanca Fm.	Furatena Fm.			Rosablanca Fm.			Macanal Fm.
Berriasian	Cumbre Fm.			Cumbre Fm.				Los Medios Fm.			Guavio Fm.
Berriasian	Tambor Fm.			Arcabuco Fm.				Cumbre Fm.			Guavio Fm.
Sources

Related Research Articles

The Simijaca Formation (Spanish: Formación Simijaca, K₂S, Kss) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly mudstone formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian and Cenomanian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 693 metres (2,274 ft).

The Guadalupe Group (Spanish: Grupo Guadalupe, K₂G, Ksg) is a geological group of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, a sequence of shales and sandstones, is subdivided into three formations; Arenisca Dura, Plaeners and Arenisca Labor-Tierna, and dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Campanian-Maastrichtian epochs and at its type section has a thickness of 750 metres (2,460 ft).

The Guaduas Formation (Spanish: Formación Guaduas, K₂P₁G, K₂E₁G, KPgg, KTg, TKg, Ktg) is a geological formation of the Middle Magdalena Basin and the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly shale with coalbed formation dates to the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene periods; Maastrichtian-Paleocene epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 1,090 metres (3,580 ft). Fossils of Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi, Berhamniphyllum sp. and Archaeopaliurus boyacensis have been found in coalbeds in Zipaquirá and Tasco, Boyacá.

The Conejo Formation (Spanish: Formación Conejo, K₂C, Kscn) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The uppermost unit of the Villeta Group, a sequence of shales and sandstones dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 1,022 metres (3,353 ft).

The Tilatá Formation is a geological formation of the Bogotá savanna, Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of coarse to very coarse conglomerates and sandstones. The Tilatá Formation dates to the Neogene period; Early to Late Pliocene epoch, and has a maximum thickness of 83 metres (272 ft). The formation underlies the Quaternary sequence of alluvial, lacustrine and fluvial sediments of Lake Humboldt.

The Arcabuco Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of thick beds of light-coloured quartzitic sandstones and conglomerates with occasional shales and dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs. Dinosaur footprints have been found in the Arcabuco Formation near the Iguaque anticlinal outside Chíquiza, Boyacá.

The Capotes Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of calcareous black shales containing gypsum and ammonites and dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Early Albian epoch and has an approximate thickness at its type section of 550 metres (1,800 ft).

The Socotá Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consisting of a lower unit of calcareous sandstones and an upper sequence of shales dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Late Aptian epoch and in Quipile has a measured thickness of 255 metres (837 ft) with large regional variations. The formation hosts ammonite fossils.

The Trincheras Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consisting of a lower unit of calcareous shales and an upper sequence of shales dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Early Aptian epoch and has a maximum thickness of 1,260 metres (4,130 ft). The formation, deposited in a marine platform environment, part of a transgressive cycle, hosts ammonite, bryozoan, mollusc and echinoid fossils.

Fernando Etayo Serna is a Colombian paleontologist and geologist. His contributions on the paleontology in Colombia has been mainly on the descriptions of ammonites and Etayo has helped describing many fossiliferous geologic formations of Colombia. Etayo obtained his MSc. degree in geology and geophysics from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in 1963, and his PhD in paleontology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1975.

The Las Juntas Formation or Las Juntas Sandstone is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The Las Juntas Formation is found in the departments Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Casanare. The predominantly sandstone formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Hauterivian epoch, and has a maximum thickness of 910 metres (2,990 ft).

The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.

The Rosablanca Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes and the Middle Magdalena Basin. The formation consists of grey limestones, dolomites and shales with at the upper part sandstones. The formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Valanginian epoch and has a thickness of 425 metres (1,394 ft) in the valley of the Sogamoso River.

The Ritoque Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of grey siltstones, limestones and fine sandstones intercalated. The formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Early Hauterivian epoch and varies in thickness between 70 and 110 metres.

The La Naveta Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of a lower part of coraline limestones and an upper sequence of quartzitic sandstones with intercalated black shales and dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Hauterivian to Barremian epochs.

The Guavio Formation is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The formation consists of conglomerates, shales and limestones, dates to the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods; Tithonian to Berriasian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).

The Oliní Group (Spanish: Grupo Oliní, K₃k₅o, K2ol, Kso) is a fossiliferous geological group of the VMM, VSM and the eastern flanks of the Central and western flanks of the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The regional group stretches from north to south across approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) and dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Coniacian, Santonian and Campanian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 287 metres (942 ft). Fossils of Eonatator coellensis have been found in the unit, near Coello, Tolima.

References

↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.53
1 2 Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54
↑ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.46

Bibliography

Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa , 1–108. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-04-26.
Badouin, Cyril; Gérard Delanoy; Josep Antón Moreno Bedmar; Antoine Pictet; Jean Vermeulen; Gabriel Conte; Roland Gonnet; Patrick Boselli, and Marc Bonelli. 2016. Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae) . Carnets Geologicás 16. 61-212. Accessed 2017-01-20.
García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1-219. Universidad Industrial de Santander .
Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161–216. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).

Maps

Renzoni, Giancarlo, and Humberto Rosas. 2009. Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando Etayo Serna . 1998. Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 - Laguna de Tota - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Renzoni, Giancarlo. 1992. Plancha 193 - Yopal - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Montoya, Diana María, and Germán Reyes. 2009. Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos, and Erasmo Rodríguez. 2009. Plancha 211 - Tauramena - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo . 1998. Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998. Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Juan Carlos Calcedo, and Carlos Ulloa. 1999. Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Pulido, Orlando; Luz Stella Gómez, and Pedro Marín. 1998. Plancha 266 - Villavicencio - 1:100,000 , 1. INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Pablo Caro; Jaime Fuquen, and José Osorno. 2002. Plancha 303 - Colombia - 1:100,000, 1. INGEOMINAS .

External links

Gómez, J.; N.E. Montes; Á. Nivia, and H. Diederix. 2015. Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000 , 1. Servicio Geológico Colombiano . Accessed 2017-03-16.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Acosta2002_p53-1] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.53

[Acosta2002_p54-2] 1 2 Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54

[Badouin_p87-3] Badouin et al., 2016, p.87

[Acosta2002_p46-4] Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.46