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Urum (Урум, Ουρούμ) is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand Urums, an ethnic Greek population who inhabit a few villages in southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.[3] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.
The name Urum is derived from Rûm 'Rome', the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prothetic. Turkic languages originally did not have /ɾ/ in word-initial position, and so in borrowed words they used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[4][5]
/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from Greek. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.[8][9]
Writing system
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[10] During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937, the use of written Urum stopped. In 2000, Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[7]
А а
Б б
В в
Г г
Ғ ғ
Д д
(Δ δ)
Д′ д′
(Ђ ђ)
Е е
Ж ж
Җ җ
З з
И и
Й й
К к
Л л
М м
Н н
Ң ң
О о
Ӧ ӧ
П п
Р р
С с
Т т
Т′ т′
(Ћ ћ)
У у
Ӱ ӱ
Υ υ
Ф ф
Х х
Һ һ
Ц ц
Ч ч
Ш ш
Щ щ
Ъ ъ
Ы ы
Ь ь
Э э
Ю ю
Я я
Θ θ
In an Urum primer issued in Kyiv in 2008, the following alphabet is suggested:[11]
А а
Б б
В в
Г г
Ґ ґ
Д д
Д' д'
Дж дж
Е е
З з
И и
Й й
К к
Л л
М м
Н н
О о
Ӧ ӧ
П п
Р р
С с
Т т
Т' т'
У у
Ӱ ӱ
Ф ф
Х х
Ч ч
Ш ш
Ы ы
Э э
Publications
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[12] and a small description of the language.[13] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[14] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[15] and a text corpus.[16] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[17]
References
↑Urum at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN3-447-00299-9.
↑Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review. 2: 99–112.
↑Skopeteas; Moisidi; Sella-Mazi; Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic lexicon. Ms"(PDF). University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-04-26.
Urum DoReCo corpus compiled by Stavros Skopeteas, Violeta Moisidi, Nutsa Tsetereli, Johanna Lorenz and Stefanie Schröter. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.
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