Vasily Malinovsky | |
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| Alma mater | Imperial Moscow University (1781) |
Vasily Fyodorovich Malinovsky (Russian : Василий Фёдорович Малиновский; (1765 — 1814) was a Russian diplomat and publicist. He was the brother of Alexey Fyodorovich Malinovsky and Paul Fyodorovich Malinovsky, and the father of Ivan Vasilyevich Malinovsky, a lyceum schoolmate of Pushkin's. [1]
Malinovsky graduated from the philosophy faculty of Moscow State University, where his father once worked. He had excellent knowledge of Greek, ancient Greek, Latin, Turkish, French and English. Malinovsky was especially influenced by Nikolay Novikov. From an early age he was attracted to the fight against despotism. Having strong command of English, he was appointed to the staff of the Russian diplomatic mission to England. In 1791, he was married to Sophia Andreevna Samborskaya. Upon return to Russia, he was appointed to the peace congress at Yassi to conduct diplomacy at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. In 1800, Malinovsky was appointed as consul to the Moldavian principality, where he was widely liked.
Upon return to Moscow in 1802, Malinovsky published the journal Fall Evenings («Осенние вечера»), where he published his essays "On War", "Love of Russia", "History of Russia", "Personal Side" («Своя сторона»). Under a pseudonym V.M., published "Thoughts on War and Peace". In 1802, Malinovsky also appealed to Count Kochubey with a project for the emancipation of serfs, one of the first emancipation proposals in Russia.
Malinovsky helped to finance and administer a lyceum at Tsarskoe Selo until the Napoleonic War of 1812. He died on March 23, 1814, and is buried in the Okhtinsky Cemetery. [2] In 1964, a Soviet memorial plaque was placed on his tombstone.
Sergei Fyodorovich Bondarchuk was a Soviet and Russian actor and filmmaker who was one of the leading figures of Soviet cinema in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He is known for his sweeping period dramas, including War and Peace (1965–67), his internationally acclaimed four-part film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's novel, and for Waterloo (1970) a Napoleonic War epic.
Mathieu, comte Dumas was a French general.
The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the Convention. In 1804 Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example, by making women and children subservient to male heads of households.
Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky was a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire. He served as a military officer and a diplomat under the reign of three Romanov monarchs: Empress Catherine II, and Emperors Paul I and Alexander I. Kutuzov was shot in the head twice while fighting the Turks and survived the serious injuries seemingly against all odds. He defeated Napoleon as commander-in-chief using attrition warfare in the Patriotic war of 1812. Alexander I, the incumbent Tsar during Napoleon's invasion, would write that he would be remembered amongst Europe's most famous commanders and that Russia would never forget his worthiness.
Fyodor Fyodorovich Matyushkin was a Russian navigator, Admiral (1867), and a close friend of Aleksandr Pushkin, who studied with him at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union. He served as Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union from 1957 to 1967, during which he oversaw the strengthening of the Soviet Army and helped build up the image of the Soviet Union as a military superpower.
Prince Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov was a Russian diplomat, the natural son of Count Fyodor Grigoryevich Orlov. Born in Moscow, he took part in the Napoleonic Wars from 1805 to the capture of Paris in 1814. For his services as commander of the cavalry regiment of the Horse Life Guards during the rebellion of 1825 he was granted the title of count, and in the Turkish War of 1828–1829 he rose to the rank of lieutenant-general.
In diplomatic history, the Eastern question was the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this. Characterized as the "sick man of Europe", the relative weakening of the empire's military strength in the second half of the eighteenth century threatened to undermine the fragile balance of power system largely shaped by the Concert of Europe. The Eastern question encompassed myriad interrelated elements: Ottoman military defeats, Ottoman institutional insolvency, the ongoing Ottoman political and economic modernization programme, the rise of ethno-religious nationalism in its provinces, and Great Power rivalries. In an attempt to triangulate between these various concerns, the historian Leslie Rogne Schumacher has proposed the following definition of the Eastern Question:
The "Eastern Question" refers to the events and the complex set of dynamics related to Europe's experience of and stake in the decline in political, military and economic power and regional significance of the Ottoman Empire from the latter half of the eighteenth century to the formation of modern Turkey in 1923.
The House of Gorchakov, or Gortchakoff, is a Russian princely family of Rurikid stock that is descended from the Rurikid sovereigns of Peremyshl, Russia.
Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov was a Russian diplomat and statesman from the Gorchakov princely family. He has an enduring reputation as one of the most influential and respected diplomats of the mid-19th century. Scholars agree that the termination of the demilitarisation of the Black Sea was Gorchakov's greatest accomplishment but add that he stayed too long as foreign minister.
Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin was a Russian statesman and General of the Infantry who served as the Governor-General of Moscow during the French invasion of Russia. He was disgraced shortly after the Congress of Vienna, to which he had accompanied Tsar Alexander I. He appears as a character in Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel War and Peace, in which he is presented very unfavorably.
The House of Orlov is the name of a Russian noble family which produced several distinguished statesmen, scientists, diplomats, and soldiers. The family first gained distinction in the 18th century through the achievements of five Orlov brothers, of whom the second eldest was Catherine the Great's paramour, and two younger brothers were notable military commanders.
Claude-Victor Perrin, Duke of Belluno was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire in 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I.
Nikolay Fyodorovich Shcherbina was a 19th-century Russian poet.
Vladimir Fyodorovich Dzhunkovsky was a Russian statesman. He held the posts of the Governor of Moscow Gubernia and the Governor-General of Moscow.
Vladimir Fyodorovich Minorsky was a Russian academic, historian, and scholar of Oriental studies, best known for his contributions to the study of history of Iran and the Iranian peoples such as Persians, Laz people, Lurs, and Kurds.
Alexander I, nicknamed "the Blessed", was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825. He ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars.
Luigi Rusca was a Neoclassical architect from Ticino who worked in Russia, Ukraine and Estonia between 1783 and 1818.
Countess Varvara Nikolayevna Golovina, néePrincess Golitsyna was an artist and memoirist from Russian nobility, maid of honour of the Russian court, a close confidant of Empress Elizabeth, favorite Ivan Shuvalov's niece and Dame of Order of Saint Catherine (1816).
Filipp Fyodorovich Fortunatov was a Russian philologist, Indo-Europeanist and Slavist, best known for establishing the Fortunatov–de Saussure law.
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