This article is about the Indian State in Eastern India created in 1947. For the Indian Province that existed between 1905 and 1911, see Western Bengal Province.
The origin of the name Bengal (Bangla and Bongo in Bengali) is unknown. One theory suggests the word derives from "Bang",the name of a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000BCE.[32] The Bengali word Bongo might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga (or Banga). Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name Vanga,the region's early history is obscure.[33]
In 2011 the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the official name of the state to Paschim Banga (Bengali:পশ্চিমবঙ্গPôshchimbônggô).[35] This is the native name of the state,literally meaning "western Bengal" in the native Bengali language. In August 2016 the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed another resolution to change the name of West Bengal to "Bengal" in English and "Bangla" in Bengali. Despite the Trinamool Congress government's efforts to forge a consensus on the name change resolution,the Indian National Congress,the Left Front and the Bharatiya Janata Party opposed the resolution.[36] However,the central government has turned down the proposal maintaining the state should have one single name for all languages instead of three and it should not be the same as that of any other territory (pointing out that the name 'Bangla' may create confusion with neighbouring Bangladesh).[36][37][38]
Stone Age tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state,showing human occupation 8,000 years earlier than scholars had thought.[39] According to the Indian epic Mahabharata the region was part of the Vanga kingdom.[40] Several Vedic realms were present in the Bengal region,including Vanga,Rarh,Pundravardhana and the Suhma kingdom. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention by the Ancient Greeks around 100BCE of a land named Gangaridai located at the mouths of the Ganges.[41] Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi (Burma,Lower Thailand,the Lower Malay Peninsula and Sumatra).[42] According to the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa,Prince Vijaya (c.543–c.505 BCE),a Vanga kingdom prince,conquered Lanka (modern-day Sri Lanka) and named the country Sinhala kingdom.[43]
The kingdom of Magadha was formed in the 7thcentury BCE,consisting of the regions now comprising Bihar and Bengal. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of the lives of Mahavira,the principal figure of Jainism and Gautama Buddha,founder of Buddhism. It consisted of several janapadas,or kingdoms.[44] Under Ashoka,the Maurya Empire of Magadha in the 3rdcentury BCE extended over nearly all of South Asia,including Afghanistan and parts of Balochistan. From the 3rd to the 6thcenturies CE,the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.[45]
Two kingdoms—Vanga or Samatata,and Gauda—are said in some texts to have appeared after the end of the Gupta Empire although details of their ascendancy are uncertain.[46] The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka,who reigned in the early 7thcentury.[47] Shashanka is often recorded in Buddhist annals as an intolerant Hindu ruler noted for his persecution of the Buddhists. He murdered Rajyavardhana,the Buddhist king of Thanesar,and is noted for destroying the Bodhi tree at Bodhgaya,and replacing Buddha statues with Shiva lingams.[48] After a period of anarchy,[49]:36 the Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years beginning in the 8thcentury. A shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty followed.[50]
Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.[55] It was ruled by dynasties of the Bengal Sultanate and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. The Bengal Sultanate was interrupted for twenty years by a Hindu uprising under Raja Ganesha. In the 16thcentury,Mughal general Islam Khan conquered Bengal. Administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi-independence under the Nawabs of Murshidabad,who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi. Several independent Hindu states were established in Bengal during the Mughal period,including those of Pratapaditya of Jessore District and Raja Sitaram Ray of Bardhaman. Following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb and the Governor of Bengal,Shaista Khan,the proto-industrialisedMughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawabs of Bengal,and showed signs of the world's first Industrial Revolution.[13][14] The Koch dynasty in northern Bengal flourished during the 16th and 17thcenturies;it weathered the Mughals and survived until the advent of the British colonial era.[56][57]
Colonial period
An 1880 map of Bengal
Several European traders reached this area in the late 15thcentury. The British East India Company defeated Siraj ud-Daulah,the last independent Nawab,in the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The company gained the right to collect revenue in Bengal subah (province) in 1765 with the signing of the treaty between the East India company and the Mughal emperor following the Battle of Buxar in 1764.[58] The Bengal Presidency was established in 1765;it later incorporated all British-controlled territory north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh),from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives due to tax policies enacted by the British company.[59] Calcutta,the headquarters of the East India company,was named the capital of British-held territories in India in 1773.[60] The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in a transfer of authority to the British Crown,[61] administered by the Viceroy of India.[62]
When India gained independence in 1947,Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to the Dominion of India and was named West Bengal. The eastern part went to the Dominion of Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan in 1956),becoming the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.[67] In 1950 the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal.[68] In 1955 the former French enclave of Chandannagar,which had passed into Indian control after 1950,was integrated into West Bengal;portions of Bihar were also subsequently merged with West Bengal. Both West and East Bengal experienced large influxes of refugees during and after the partition in 1947. Refugee resettlement and related issues continued to play a significant role in the politics and socio-economic condition of the state.[68]
During the 1970s and 1980s,severe power shortages,strikes and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure,leading to a period of economic stagnation and deindustrialisation.[23] The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in an influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal,causing significant strains on its infrastructure.[69] The 1974 smallpox epidemic killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election,defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front,led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist),governed the state for the next three decades.[70]
The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after the central government introduced economic liberalisations in the mid-1990s. This was aided by the advent of information technology and IT-enabled services. Beginning in the mid-2000s,armed insurgents conducted minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state.[71][72] Clashes with the administration took place at several controversial locations over the issue of industrial land acquisition.[73][74] This became a decisive reason behind the defeat of the ruling Left Front government in the 2011 assembly election.[75] Although the economy was severely damaged during the unrest in the 1970s,the state has managed to revive its economy steadily throughout the years.[76][77][78] The state has shown improvement regarding bandhs (strikes)[79][80][81] and educational infrastructure.[82] Significant strides have been made in reducing unemployment,[83] though the state suffers from substandard healthcare services,[84][85] a lack of socio-economic development,[86] poor infrastructure,[87] unemployment and civil violence.[88][89] In 2006 the state's healthcare system was severely criticised in the aftermath of the West Bengal blood test kit scam.[90][91]
Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by a monsoon.
West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India,stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267sqmi).[3] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state is a part of the eastern Himalayas mountain range. In this region is Sandakfu,which,at 3,636m (11,929ft),is the highest peak in the state.[92] The narrow Terai region separates the hills from the North Bengal plains,which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is in the extreme south,while the Sundarbansmangrove forests form a geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.[93]
The main river in West Bengal is the Ganges,which divides into two branches. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma,or Pôdda,while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Farakka barrage over the Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal. Its water flow management has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh.[94] The Teesta,Torsa,Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers like the Damodar,Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.[95]Damodar,another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the "Sorrow of Bengal" (due to its frequent floods),has several dams under the Damodar Valley Project. At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater,and as of 2017 an estimated 1.04crore people were afflicted by arsenic poisoning.[96]
West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savanna in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer,the rainy season,a short autumn and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity,the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India. The highest daytime temperatures range from 38 to 45°C (100 to 113°F).[97] At night,a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer,brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi,or Nor'westers,often occur.[98] West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Ocean monsoon that moves in a southeast to northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250 centimetres (98in) is observed in the Darjeeling,Jalpaiguri,and Cooch Behar district. During the arrival of the monsoons,low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the formation of storms in the coastal areas. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15°C (59°F).[97] A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter,substantially lowering the humidity level. The Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter,with occasional snowfall.[99]
The "India State of Forest Report 2017", recorded forest area in the state is 16,847km2 (6,505sqmi),[100][101] while in 2013, forest area was 16,805km2 (6,488sqmi), which was 18.93% of the state's geographical area, compared to the then national average of 21.23%.[102] Reserves and protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of forested areas, as of 2009.[103] Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans in southern West Bengal.[104]
From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.[105] The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, combined with favourable rainfall, makes this region especially fertile.[105] Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state has similar species composition with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.[105] The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name.[106]
The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with sal and other tropical evergreen trees.[107] Above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1,500 metres (4,900ft), temperate forest trees like oaks, conifers and rhododendrons predominate.[107]
West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the Head of State appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 members, or MLAs,[110] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved before the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to the Lok Sabha[111] and 16 seats to the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[112]
The Grand Hotel in Kolkata. Tourism, especially from Bangladesh, is an important part of West Bengal's economy.
As of 2015[update], West Bengal has the sixth-highest GSDP in India. GSDP at current prices (base 2004–2005) has increased from Rs 2,086.56billion in 2004–05 to Rs 8,00,868 crores in 2014–2015,[124] reaching Rs 10,21,000 crores in 2017–18.[125] GSDP per cent growth at current prices varied from a low of 10.3% in 2010–2011 to a high of 17.11% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 13.35% in 2014–2015.[126] The state's per capita income has lagged the all India average for over two decades. As of 2014–2015, per capita NSDP at current prices was Rs78,903.[126] Per-capita NSDP growth rate at current prices varied from 9.4% in 2010–2011 to a high of 16.15% in 2013–2014. The growth rate was 12.62% in 2014–2015.[127]
In 2015–2016, the percentage share of Gross Value Added (GVA) at factor cost by economic activity at the constant price (the base year 2011–2012) was Agriculture-Forestry and Fishery—4.84%, Industry 18.51% and Services 66.65%. It has been observed that there has been a slow but steady decline in the percentage share of industry and agriculture over the years.[128] Agriculture is the leading economic sector in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the state's top five crops.[129]:14 Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high-quality teas.[129]:14 State industries are localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and the Haldia Port region.[130] The Durgapur-Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of steel plants.[130] Important manufacturing industries include: engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established several industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilisers. Natural resources like tea and jute in nearby areas have made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries.[131]
Years after independence, West Bengal is dependent on the central government for help in meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant, and the Indian green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant increase in food production since the 1980s and the state now has a surplus of grains.[132] The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–1981, declining to 5% by 1997–1998. In contrast, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[132] The state's total financial debt stood at ₹1,918,350 million (US$23billion) as of 2011.[133]
Freshly sown saplings of rice in a paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks.
In the period 2004–2010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee terms) lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[129]:4
The economy of West Bengal has witnessed many surprising changes in direction. The agricultural sector in particular rose to 8.33% in 2010–11 before tumbling to −4.01% in 2012–13.[134] Many major industries such as the Uttarpara Hindustan Motors car manufacturing unit, the jute industry, and the Haldia Petrochemicals unit experienced shutdowns in 2014. In the same year, plans for a 300billion Jindal Steel project was mothballed. The tea industry of West Bengal has also witnessed shutdowns for financial and political reasons.[135] The tourism industry of West Bengal was negatively impacted in 2017 because of the Gorkhaland agitation.[136]
However, over the years due to effective changes in the stance towards industrialisation, ease of doing business has improved in West Bengal.[137][138][139] Steps are being taken to remedy this situation by promoting West Bengal as an investment destination. A leather complex has been built in Kolkata. Smart cities are being planned close to Kolkata, and major roadway projects are in the offing to revive the economy.[140] West Bengal has been able to attract 2% of the foreign direct investment in the last decade.[141]
As of 2011, the total length of surface roads in West Bengal was over 92,023 kilometres (57,180 miles);[129]:18national highways comprise 2,578km (1,602mi)[142] and state highways 2,393km (1,487mi).[129]:18 As of 2006, the road density of the state was 103.69 kilometres per square kilometre (166.87 miles per square mile), higher than the national average of 74.7km/km2 (120.2mi/sqmi).[143]
Kolkata is a major river port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages the Kolkata and the Haldia docks.[150] There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Cargo ship service operates to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferries are a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport; these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.[151]
According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth-most-populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population).[3] The state's 2001–2011 decennial population growth rate was 13.93%,[3] lower than the 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8%[3] and lower than the national rate of 17.64%.[156] The gender ratio is 947 females per 1,000 males.[156] As of 2011, West Bengal had a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sqmi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar.[156]
The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%.[157] Data from 2010 to 2014 showed the life expectancy in the state was 70.2 years, higher than the national value of 67.9.[158][159] The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2013 was 19.98%, a decline from 31.8% a decade prior.[160]Scheduled castes and tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population, respectively, in rural areas and 19.9% and 1.5%, respectively, in urban areas.[132]
In September 2017, West Bengal achieved 100% electrification, after some remote villages in the Sunderbans became the last to be electrified.[161]
As of September 2017, of 125 towns and cities in Bengal, 76 have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status. All towns in the districts of: Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Bardhaman and East Medinipur are ODF zones, with Nadia becoming the first ODF district in the state in April 2015.[162][163]
A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the importance of the public provision of health services to mitigate poverty and the impact of illness on poor households.[164]
The latest Sample Registration System (SRS) statistical report shows that West Bengal has the lowest fertility rate among Indian states. West Bengal's total fertility rate was 1.6, lower than neighbouring Bihar's 3.4, which is the highest in the entire country. Bengal's TFR of 1.6 roughly equals that of Canada.[165]
Surjapuri, a language considered to be a mix of Maithili and Bengali, is spoken across northern parts of the state.[168] The Darjeeling Hills are mainly inhabited by various Gorkha communities who overwhelmingly speak Nepali (also known as Gorkhali), although there are some who retain their ancestral languages like Lepcha. West Bengal is also home to indigenous tribal Adivasis such as: Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Bhumij, Lodha, Kol and Toto.
The state's official languages are Bengali and English;[4]Nepali has additional official status in the three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.[4] In 2012, the state government passed a bill granting additional official status to Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali and Urdu in areas where speakers exceed 10% of the population.[4] In 2019, another bill was passed by the government to include Kamtapuri, Kurmali and Rajbanshi as additional official languages in blocks, divisions or districts where the speakers exceed 10% of the population.[4] On 24 December 2020, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee announced Telugu as an additional official language.[4] As of the 2011 census, 86.22% of the population spoke Bengali, 5.00% Hindi, 2.66% Santali, 1.82% Urdu and 1.26% Nepali as their first language.[171]
West Bengal is religiously diverse, with regional cultural and religious specificities. Although Hindus are the predominant community, the state has a large minority Muslim population. Christians, Buddhists and others form a minuscule part of the population. As of 2011, Hinduism is the most common religion, with adherents representing 70.54% of the total population.[173] Muslims, the second-largest community, comprise 27.01% of the total population,[174] Three of West Bengal's districts: Murshidabad, Malda and Uttar Dinajpur, are Muslim-majority. Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism and other religions make up the remainder.[175] Buddhism remains a prominent religion in the Himalayan region of the Darjeeling hills; almost the entirety of West Bengal's Buddhist population is from this region.[176] Christianity is mainly found among the tea garden tribes at tea plantations scattered throughout the Dooars of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar districts.
The Hindu population of West Bengal is 64,385,546 while the Muslim population is 24,654,825, according to the 2011 census.[177]
A notable music tradition is the Baul music, practised by the Bauls, a sect of mystic minstrels.[191] Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. Shyama Sangeet is a genre of devotional songs, praising the Hindu goddess Kali; kirtan is devotional group songs dedicated to the god Krishna.[192] Like other states in northern India, West Bengal also has a heritage in North Indian classical music. Rabindrasangeet, songs composed and set to words by Rabindranath Tagore, and Nazrul geeti (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are Dwijendralal, Atulprasad and Rajanikanta's songs, and adhunik or modern music from films and other composers.[193] From the early 1990s, new genres of music have emerged, including what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chhau dance of Purulia is a rare form of masked dance.[194]
Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.
There are significant examples of fine arts in Bengal from earlier times, including the terracotta art of Hindu temples and the Kalighat paintings. Bengal has been in the vanguard of modernism in fine arts. Abanindranath Tagore, called the father of modern Indian art, started the Bengal School of Art, one of whose goals was to promote the development of styles of art outside the European realist tradition that had been taught in art colleges under the British colonial administration. The movement had many adherents, including: Gaganendranath Tagore, Ramkinkar Baij, Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups such as the Calcutta Group and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal and came to dominate the art scene in India.[201][202]
Assorted food eaten in West Bengal: Patisapta, a kind of pitha; shorshe ilish (hilsha with mustard sauce) and rasgullas in sugar syrup
Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, "machhe bhate bangali", that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".[204] Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on its texture, size, fat content and bones.[205] Most of the people also consume eggs, chicken, mutton, and shrimp. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water) with onion and green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas.[206] Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen include cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies and turmeric.[207] Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread, or dim sum, are specialties of the winter season. Sweets such as narkol-naru, til-naru, moa and payesh are prepared during festivals such as Lakshmi puja.[208] Popular street foods include Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, biryani, and phuchka.[209][210]
Clothing
Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.
Bengali women commonly wear the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire. Among men, western dress has greater acceptance. Particularly on cultural occasions, men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti while women wear salwar kameez or sari.[211]
West Bengal produces several varieties of cotton and silk saris in the country. Handlooms are a popular way for the state's rural population to earn a living through weaving. Every district has weaving clusters, which are home to artisan communities, each specialising in specific varieties of handloom weaving. Notable handloom saris include tant, jamdani, garad, korial, baluchari, tussar and muslin.[212]
Durga Puja is the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in West Bengal.[213] The five-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout West Bengal. The city of Kolkata transforms Durga Puja. It is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities.[214] On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.[215]
Rath Yatra is a Hindu festival which celebrates Jagannath, a form of Krishna. It is celebrated with much fanfare in Kolkata as well as in rural Bengal. Images of Jagannath are set upon a chariot and pulled through the streets.[216]
Eid al-Fitr is the most important Muslim festival in West Bengal. They celebrate the end of Ramadan with prayers, alms-giving, shopping, gift-giving, and feasting.[217]
Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) is perhaps the next major festival celebrated in Kolkata, after Durga Puja. Although Hinduism is the major religion in the state, people show significant passion to the festival. Just like Durga Puja, Christmas in Kolkata is an occasion when all communities and people of every religion take part. Large masses of people go to parks, gardens, museums, parties, fairs, churches and other places to celebrate the day. A lot of Hindus go to Hindu-temples and the festival is celebrated there too with Hindu rituals.[218][219] The state tourism department organises a gala Christmas Festival every year in Park Street.[220] The whole of Park Street is hung with colourful lights, and food stalls sell cakes, chocolates, Chinese cuisine, momo, and various other items. The state invites musical groups from Darjeeling and other North East India states to perform choir recitals, carols, and jazz numbers.[221]
Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals and is celebrated with much gusto in the Darjeeling hills. On this day, processions begin at the various Buddhist monasteries, or gumpas, and congregate at the Chowrasta (Darjeeling) Mall. The Lamas chant mantras and sound their bugles, and students, as well as people from every community, carry the holy books or pustaks on their heads. Besides Buddha Purnima, Dashain, or Dusshera, Holi, Diwali, Losar, Namsoong or the Lepcha New Year, and Losoong are the other major festivals of the Darjeeling Himalayan region.[217]
Each year between July and August at Tarakeswar Yatra held, nearly 10 million devotees come from various part of India bringing holy water of Ganga fin order to offer it to Lord Shiva.
Poush Mela is a popular winter festival of Shantiniketan, with performances of folk music, Baul songs, dance, and theatre taking place throughout the town.[217]
Ganga Sagar Mela coincides with the Makar Sankranti, and hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims converge where the river Ganges meets the sea to bathe enmasse during this fervent festival.[216]
As of 2016 85% of children within the 6 to 17-year age group attend school (86% do so in urban areas and 84% in rural areas). School attendance is almost universal among the 6 to 14-year age group then drops to 70% with the 15 to 17-year age group. There is a gender disparity in school attendance in the 6 to 14-year age group, more girls than boys are attending school. In Bengal, 71% of women aged 15–49 years and 81% of men aged 15–49 years are literate. Only 14% of women aged 15–49 years in West Bengal have completed 12 or more years of schooling, compared with 22% of men. 22% of women and 14% of men aged 15–49 years have never attended school.[223]
West Bengal has eighteen universities.[226][227] Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It was the gateway to the revolution of European education during the British Raj.[228] Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in 1794 to promote oriental studies. People such as Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Alexander Duff and William Carey played leading roles in setting up modern schools and colleges in the city.[217]
Jadavpur University (Focus area—Mobile Computing and Communication and Nano-science), and the University of Calcutta (Modern Biology) are among two of the fifteen universities selected under the "University with Potential for Excellence" scheme. University of Calcutta (Focus Area—Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modelling) has also been selected under the "Centre with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area" scheme.[234]
Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), is a multipurpose stadium in Kolkata, with a current capacity of 85,000. It is the largest stadium in India by seating capacity.[255] Before its renovation in 2011, it was the second-largest football stadium in the world, having a seating capacity of 120,000. It has hosted many national and international sporting events like the SAF Games of 1987 and the 2011 FIFA friendly football match between Argentina and Venezuela featuring Lionel Messi.[256] In 2008 legendary German goalkeeper, Oliver Kahn played his farewell match on this ground.[257] The stadium hosted the final match of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup.
↑"Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))". Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024)(PDF). National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. 23 September 2024. pp.A-10.
↑"Bangladesh: early history, 1000B.C.–A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. September 1988. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2012. Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal and Bengal.
↑Sarkar, Sebanti (28 March 2008). "History of Bengal just got a lot older". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010. Humans walked on Bengal's soil 20,000 years ago, archaeologists have found out, pushing the state's pre-history back by some 8,000 years.
↑Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp.154–155. ISBN978-81-7824-016-9.
↑Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN978-81-8069-149-2. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
↑Fiske, John. "The famine of 1770 in Bengal". The Unseen World, and Other Essays. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
↑"Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)". Left-wing extremist group. South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
↑"West Bengal"(PDF). fsi.nic.in. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
↑"Forest cover"(PDF). India state of forest report 2013. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. p.17. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
↑"Statewise Length of national highways in India". National Highways. Department of Road Transport and Highways; Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways; Government of India. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
↑Chattopadhyay, Suhrid Sankar (January–February 2006). "Remarkable Growth". The Hindu; Frontline. 23 (2). Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
↑"Durga Puja". Festivals celebrated throughout West Bengal. Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
↑"National Family Health Survey". rchiips.org. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.(Select West Bengal to view the pdf format)
Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004). Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal. SAGE Publications India. p.256. ISBN978-81-321-0407-0.
Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2009). Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52. Routledge. p.256. ISBN978-1-134-01823-9.
Banerjee, Anuradha (1998). Environment, population, and human settlements of Sundarban Delta. Ashok Kumar Mittal. ISBN978-81-7022-739-7.
Bhargava, Gopal, ed. (2008). Encyclopaedia of Art And Culture in India (West Bengal) 20th Volume. Isha Books. p.508. ISBN978-81-8205-460-8.
Chatterjee, Partha (1997). The Present History of West Bengal: Essays in Political Criticism. the University of Michigan: Oxford University Press. p.223. ISBN978-0-19-563945-2.
Chatterjee, Pranab (2009). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. Peter Lang. ISBN978-1-4331-0820-4.
Government of West Bengal, Law Department, Legislative Notification. No. 182- L – 24 January 2013. West Bengal Act XXXVI of 2012. The West Bengal Official Language (Second Amendment) Act, 2012.
Khan, Muhammad Mojlum (2013). The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal. Kube Publishing Ltd. p.384. ISBN978-1-84774-062-5.
Samaddar, Ranabir (1999). The Marginal Nation: Transborder Migration from Bangladesh to West Bengal. the University of Michigan: SAGE Publications. p.227. ISBN978-0-7619-9283-7.
Sen, Jyotirmoy (1988). Land Utilisation and Population Distribution: A Case Study of West Bengal, 1850–1985. Daya Books. p.227. ISBN978-81-7035-043-9.
Sen, Raj Kumar; Dasgupta, Asis (2007). West Bengal Today: 25 Years of Economic Development. Deep and Deep Publications. p.380. ISBN978-81-7629-984-8.
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