Yoshkar-Ola

For other uses, see Yoshkar-Ola (disambiguation).

Yoshkar-Ola Йошкар-Ола Charla (Чарла)
City [1]
Other transcription(s)
•  Meadow Mari	Йошкар-Ола
From the top to bottom-right, The Brugge Embankment, Main Square, Annunciation Orthodox cathedral, Republican Puppet Theatre, Obolensky-Nogotkov Square
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Song About Yoshkar-Ola [2]
Interactive map of Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola Location of Yoshkar-Ola Show map of Mari El Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola (European Russia) Show map of European Russia Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola (Europe) Show map of Europe
Coordinates: 56°39′N47°53′E / 56.650°N 47.883°E / 56.650; 47.883
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Mari El [1]
Founded	1584 [3] [4]
City status since	1781 [3]
Government
• Body	City Assembly of Yoshkar-Ola [5]
• Head [6]	Yevgeny Maslov [7]
Elevation	100 m (330 ft)
Population  (2010 Census) [8]
• Total	248,782
• Rank	74th in 2010
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola [1]
• Capital of	Mari El Republic [9]
•  Capital of	city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola [1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug [10]
•  Capital of	Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug [10]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK   [11] )
Postal codes [12]	424000–424008, 424010, 424016, 424019, 424020, 424026, 424028, 424030–424034, 424036–424040, 424045, 424700, 424899, 424950, 424999
Dialing code	+7 8362
OKTMO ID	88701000001
City Day	August 6 [13]
Website	www.i-ola.ru

Yoshkar-Ola (Mari and Russian : Йошкар-Ола) is the capital city of Mari El, Russia. It was formerly known as Tsarevokokshaysk (Царевококшайск) from 1584 to 1919, and as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) from 1919 to 1927. Population: 281,248 (2021 census); ^[14] 248,782 (2010 census); ^[8] 256,719 (2002 census); ^[15] 241,601 (1989 Soviet census). ^[16]

Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district.

Etymology

Yoshkar-Ola means 'red town' in Mari, from yoshkar ('red') and ola ('town'). It received its current name in 1927. From 1584 to 1919, it was known as Tsarevokokshaysk in reference to the tsar and therefore could be literally translated as 'tsar's town on the (river) Kokshaga'. From 1919 to 1927, it was known as Krasnokokshaysk in reference to communism and therefore could be literally translated as 'red town on the (river) Kokshaga'. ^[17] It is also known as Charla (Чарла) by the Mari people.

History

Historical affiliations

Tsardom of Russia 1584–1721
Russian Empire 1721–1917
Russian Republic 1917-1918
Russian Democratic Federal Republic 1918
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1918-1922
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991
Russian Federation 1991–present

Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region.

During the Soviet era, especially after World War II, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size.

The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia.^{[ when? ]}

Geography

The Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city.

Time zone

Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48.

Administrative and municipal status

Yoshkar Ola at night

Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic. ^[9] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. ^[1] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug. ^[10]

Transport

Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by a series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan. Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow-bound flights (Vnukovo International Airport) since April 2012.

Destinations within the city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas .

Economy

The 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby. ^[18]

In the Yoshkar-Ola area there are two Arsenals of the Russian Armed Forces, the 116th, and the other the 11th Navy Arsenal. Of these, the 116th arsenal became part of OAO Oboronservis / Remvooruzhenie.

Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served a six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine. ^[19]

Climate

The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov. The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On the other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is +25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around +35 °C (95 °F) for weeks.

Climate data for Yoshkar-Ola (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	4.5 (40.1)	7.4 (45.3)	15.8 (60.4)	28.9 (84.0)	33.4 (92.1)	36.8 (98.2)	38.7 (101.7)	39.1 (102.4)	31.6 (88.9)	23.9 (75.0)	13.0 (55.4)	7.2 (45.0)	39.1 (102.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−7.3 (18.9)	−6.3 (20.7)	0.4 (32.7)	10.3 (50.5)	19.4 (66.9)	23.1 (73.6)	25.4 (77.7)	22.8 (73.0)	16.4 (61.5)	8.0 (46.4)	−0.6 (30.9)	−5.7 (21.7)	8.8 (47.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−10.5 (13.1)	−10.2 (13.6)	−3.9 (25.0)	4.9 (40.8)	12.8 (55.0)	17.0 (62.6)	19.3 (66.7)	16.8 (62.2)	11.1 (52.0)	4.4 (39.9)	−3.1 (26.4)	−8.4 (16.9)	4.2 (39.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−13.7 (7.3)	−13.9 (7.0)	−7.8 (18.0)	0.2 (32.4)	6.7 (44.1)	11.3 (52.3)	13.5 (56.3)	11.5 (52.7)	6.8 (44.2)	1.4 (34.5)	−5.4 (22.3)	−11.2 (11.8)	0.0 (32.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−46.9 (−52.4)	−41.7 (−43.1)	−38.9 (−38.0)	−21.8 (−7.2)	−6.0 (21.2)	−2.5 (27.5)	2.0 (35.6)	−1.4 (29.5)	−7.5 (18.5)	−18.9 (−2.0)	−33.6 (−28.5)	−47.3 (−53.1)	−47.3 (−53.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	40 (1.6)	30 (1.2)	32 (1.3)	32 (1.3)	40 (1.6)	64 (2.5)	76 (3.0)	65 (2.6)	54 (2.1)	57 (2.2)	43 (1.7)	42 (1.7)	575 (22.6)
Average precipitation days	18.1	14.6	13.2	10.5	12.0	13.1	12.1	11.9	13.6	15.2	15.1	17.9	167.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours	40	81	138	199	271	286	295	239	145	76	34	23	1,827
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [20]
Source 2: climatebase.ru (precipitation days, sun 1936-2012) [21]

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1897	1,700	—
1926	4,300	+3.25%
1939	27,179	+15.24%
1959	88,744	+6.10%
1970	166,073	+5.86%
1979	201,371	+2.16%
1989	241,601	+1.84%
2002	256,719	+0.47%
2010	248,782	−0.39%
2021	281,248	+1.12%
Source: Census Data

According to the 2021 Census, Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of the city is 291,892 people.

Following the 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is:

Ethnicity	Population	Percentage
Russians	152,447	61.28%
Mari	58,001	23.31%
Tatars	10,202	4.10%
Ukrainians	2,075	0.83%
Other	5,438	2.2%

Education

• 
  The main building of Volga State University of Technology
• 
  The main building of Mari State University

Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including:

• Mari State University
• Volga State University of Technology (before 2012, Mari State Technical University)
• Interregional Open Social Institute

There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens. Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Yoshkar-Ola is twinned with: ^[22]

• Bourges, France
• Princeton, West Virginia, United States
• Szombathely, Hungary

External links

• Official website of Yoshkar-Ola (in Russian)
• Map of Yoshkar-Ola
• Geographic data related to Yoshkar-Ola at OpenStreetMap

References

Notes

1. Law #22-Z
2. Official website of Yoshkar-Ola. Symbols of Yoshkar-Ola Archived 2011-09-09 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
3. Great Russian Encyclopedia, pp. 301–302
4. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 1
5. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 24
6. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 44
7. Official website of Yoshkar-Ola. Mayor of the City of Yoshkar-Ola Archived 5 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
8. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
9. Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 16
10. Law #15-Z
11. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
12. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
13. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 6
14. Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1](XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
15. Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
16. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
17. Everett-Heath, John (2005). "Yoshka-Ola". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names. Oxford University Press. p. 576. ISBN   978-0-19-860537-9.
18. "14th Kievsko-Zhitomirskaya order of Kutuzov Missile Division". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
19. Triebert, Christiaan (16 September 2022). "Video Reveals How Russian Mercenaries Recruit Inmates for Ukraine War". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 19 September 2022.
20. "Климат Ачинска - Погода и климат".
21. "Yoshkar-Ola, Russia". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
22. "Города-побратимы". i-ola.ru (in Russian). Yoshkar-Ola. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

Sources

• 24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Марийская правда", 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995 Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014 On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
• Городское Собрание муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола". Решение №101-IV от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола"», в ред. Решения №186-VI от 23 сентября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола", принятый Решением городского Собрания муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола" от 29 июня 2005 г. №101-IV». Вступил в силу 28 декабря 2005 г. Опубликован: "Йошкар-Ола" (спецвыпуск), 28 декабря 2005 г. (City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola" , as amended by the Decision #186-VI of September 23, 2015 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", Adopted by the Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 by the City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Effective as of December 28, 2005.).
• Государственное Собрание Республики Марий Эл. Закон №22-З от 3 мая 2006 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства (деления) Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №81, 6 мая 2006 г. ( State Assembly of the Mari El Republic . Law #22-Z of May 3, 2006 On the Procedures of the Administrative-Territorial Structure (Division) of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of the official publication date.).
• Государственный Совет Республики Марий Эл. Закон №15-З от 18 июня 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и составе муниципальных районов, городских округов в Республике Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №116, 24 июня 2004 г. (State Council of the Mari El Republic. Law #15-Z of June 18, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Composition of the Municipal Districts, Urban Okrugs in the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of after 10 days after the official publication.).
• Большая Российская энциклопедия ( Great Russian Encyclopedia ): В 30 т. / Председатель науч.-ред. совета Ю. С. Осипов. Отв. ред С. Л. Кравец. Т. 12. Исландия — Канцеляризмы. — М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2008. — 767 с.