Infantry is a military specialization that engages in military combat on foot, distinguished from cavalry, artillery, and tank forces. Also known as foot soldiers or infanteers, infantry traditionally relies on moving by foot between combats as well, but may also use mounts, military vehicles, or other transport. Infantry make up a large portion of all armed forces in most nations, and typically bear the largest brunt in warfare, as measured by casualties, deprivation, or physical and psychological stress.
A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country and the arm of service.
During the American Civil War, the Union Army referred to the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. Also known as the Federal Army, it proved essential to the preservation of the United States as a working, viable republic.
Philadelphia, known colloquially as Philly, is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2018 census-estimated population of 1,584,138. Since 1854, the city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area, with over 6 million residents as of 2017. Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley, located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, within the Northeast megalopolis. The Delaware Valley's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern, Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
In the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, colonel is the most senior field grade military officer rank, immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and immediately below the rank of brigadier general. It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. The pay grade for colonel is O-6.
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Sigel's Division, Department of the Shenandoah, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to August 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to March 1865.
The Army of the Shenandoah was a Union army during the American Civil War. First organized as the Department of the Shenandoah in 1861 and then disbanded in early 1862, it became most effective after its recreation on August 1, 1864, under Philip Sheridan. Its Valley Campaigns of 1864 rendered the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia unable to produce foodstuffs for the Confederate States Army, a condition which would speed the end of the Civil War.
There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps during the American Civil War. These formations were the Army of the Cumberland II Corps commanded by Thomas L. Crittenden from October 24, 1862, to November 5, 1862, later renumbered XXI Corps; the Army of the Mississippi II corps led by William T. Sherman from January 4, 1863, to January 12, 1863, renumbered XV Corps; Army of the Ohio II Corps commanded by Thomas L. Crittenden from September 29, 1862, to October 24, 1862, transferred to Army of the Cumberland; Army of Virginia II Corps led by Nathaniel P. Banks from June 26, 1862, to September 4, 1862, and Alpheus S. Williams from September 4, 1862, to September 12, 1862, renumbered XII Corps; and the Army of the Potomac II Corps from March 13, 1862, to June 28, 1865.
The Army of Virginia was organized as a major unit of the Union Army and operated briefly and unsuccessfully in 1862 in the American Civil War. It should not be confused with its principal opponent, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Robert E. Lee.
The 109th Pennsylvania Infantry ceased to exist on March 31, 1865 when it was consolidated with the 111th Pennsylvania Infantry.
Detailed service
Moved to Washington, D.C., May 10; then to Harpers Ferry May 24, 1862. Defense of Harpers Ferry, Va., May 24-30, 1862. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley until August. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Guarded supply trains during the Second Battle of Bull Run. Maryland Campaign September 6-22. Battle of Antietam September 16-17 (reserve). Duty at Bolivar Heights until December. Reconnaissance to Ripon, Va., November 9. Reconnaissance to Winchester December 2-6. Marched to Fredericksburg December 9-16. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20-24, 1863. At Stafford Court House until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3. Pursuit of Lee July 5-24. Duty near Raccoon Ford until September. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Reopening Tennessee River October 26-29. Battle of Wauhatchie October 28-29. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23-27. Lookout Mountain November 23-24. Missionary Ridge November 25. Ringgold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, Ga.,, November 27. Duty on Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8-11. Battle of Resaca May 14-15. Near Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and bathes about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11-14. Lost Mountain June 15-17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station or Smyrna Camp Ground July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5-17. Peachtree Creek July 19-20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26-29. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10-21. Carolinas Campaign January to March 1865. Battle of Bentonville, N.C., March 19-21.
Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 135 men during service; 3 officers and 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 71 enlisted men died of disease.
Commanders
Colonel Henry J. Stainrook - killed in action at the Battle of Chancellorsville
Colonel Charles M. Harris - discharged October 25, 1862
Lieutenant Colonel Lewis W. Ralston - commissioned colonel, but never mustered at rank
Captain Frederick L. Gimber - commanded at the Battle of Gettysburg
In the United States Army, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is a field-grade military officer rank just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services.
In the United States Army (USA), U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), and U.S. Air Force (USAF), captain is a company grade officer rank, with the pay grade of O-3. It ranks above first lieutenant and below major. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the Navy/Coast Guard officer rank system. The insignia for the rank consists of two silver bars, with slight stylized differences between the Army/Air Force version and the Marine Corps version.
The 55th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 61st Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 66th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 123rd New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 107th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 28th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 3rd Maryland Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 102nd New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment played a prominent part in numerous key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters of the war, most notably the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Lookout Mountain, and the Atlanta Campaign.
The 111th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 60th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 78th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 147th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 119th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 134th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 73rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 27th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 136th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 33rd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 29th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The 137th New York Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
References
Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
Kerr, Paul B. Civil War Surgeon: Biography of James Langstaff Dunn, MD (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse), 2005. ISBN1-4208-8205-8
Veale, Moses. The 109th Regiment Penna. Veteran Volunteers: An Address Delivered at the Unveiling of Their Monument on Culp's hill, Gettysburg, Pa., September 11, 1889 (Philadelphia: J. Beale, Printer), 1890.
Attribution
This article contains text from a text now in the public domain: Dyer, Frederick H. (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co.
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