The Tiananmen Square protests,known in China as the June Fourth Incident,were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square,Beijing,China,lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution,the Chinese government declared martial law on the night of 3 June and deployed troops to occupy the square in what is referred to as the Tiananmen Square massacre. The events are sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement,the Tiananmen Square Incident,or the Tiananmen uprising.
Hua Guofeng was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Premier of the People's Republic of China. The designated successor of Mao Zedong,Hua held the top offices of the government,party,and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai,but was gradually forced out of supreme power by a coalition of party leaders between December 1978 and June 1981,and subsequently retreated from the political limelight,though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002.
Zhao Ziyang was a Chinese politician. He was the third premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987,vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982,and CCP general secretary from 1987 to 1989. He was in charge of the political reforms in China from 1986,but lost power for his support of the 1989 Tian'anmen Square protests.
Zhongnanhai is a compound that houses the offices of and serves as a residence for the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the State Council. It was a former imperial garden,and is located adjacent to the Forbidden Palace in Beijing. The term Zhongnanhai is often used as a metonym for China's central government and its leadership at large.
The Central Committee,officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,is the highest organ when the national congress is not in session and is tasked with carrying out congress resolutions,directing all party work,and representing the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) externally. It is currently composed of 205 full members and 171 alternate members. Members are nominally elected once every five years by the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. In practice,the selection process is done privately,usually through consultation of the CCP's Politburo and its corresponding Standing Committee.
The Tiananmen (also Tian'anmen,or the Gate of Heaven-Sent Peace,is a monumental gate in the city center of Beijing,China,the front gate of the Imperial City of Beijing,located near the city's Central Business District,and widely used as a national symbol.
Peng Zhen was a leading member of the Chinese Communist Party. He led the party organization in Beijing following the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949,but was purged during the Cultural Revolution for opposing Mao's views on the role of literature in relation to the state. He was rehabilitated under Deng Xiaoping in 1982 along with other 'wrongly accused' officials,and became the inaugural head of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission.
Shanghai Science and Technology Museum is a large museum in Pudong,Shanghai,close to Century Park,the largest park within the inner districts of the city. It is one of China's most-visited museums. It received 1,351,000 visitors in 2020,despite a fall of attendance of 72 percent from 2019 due to restrictions and reduced tourism imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The government of the People's Republic of China is based on a system of people's congress within the parameters of a unitary communist state,in which the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacts its policies through people's congresses. This system is based on the principle of unified state power,in which the legislature,the National People's Congress (NPC),is constitutionally enshrined as "the highest state organ of power." As China's political system has no separation of powers,there is only one branch of government which is represented by the legislature. The CCP through the NPC enacts unified leadership,which requires that all state organs,from the Supreme People's Court to the President of the People's Republic of China,are elected by,answerable to,and have no separate powers than those granted to them by the NPC. By law,all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP. The CCP controls appointments in all state bodies through a two-thirds majority in the NPC. The remaining seats are held by nominally independent delegates and eight minor political parties,which are non-oppositional and support the CCP. All government bodies and state-owned enterprises have internal CCP committees that lead the decision-making in these institutions.
The National Museum of China is the national museum of China. It flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing,China. The National Museum of China has a total construction area of about 200,000 square meters,a collection of more than 1.4 million items,and 48 exhibition halls. It is the museum with the largest single building area in the world and the museum with the richest collection of Chinese cultural relics. It is a level-1 public welfare institution funded by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA),and colloquially described as The Giant Egg (巨蛋),is an arts centre containing an opera house in the Xicheng District of Beijing,People's Republic of China. Designed by French architect Paul Andreu,the NCPA opened in 2007 and is the largest theatre complex in Asia. The NCPA is semi-spherical in appearance,with a long axis length of 212.20 meters in the east-west direction,a short axis length of 143.64 meters in the north-south direction,a height of 46.285 meters,an area of 119,900 square meters,and a total construction area of approximately 165,000 square meters,including 105,000 square meters of main buildings and 60,000 square meters of underground,auxiliary facilities,with a total cost of 3.067 billion yuan. The centre contains an opera hall,music hall,theater and art exhibition halls,restaurants,audio shops,and other supporting facilities.
The Ten Great Buildings are ten public buildings that were built in Beijing in 1959,to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. They were part of an architecture and urbanism initiative of Chairman Mao's Great Leap Forward;most of the buildings were largely completed in a time span of ten months,by the deadline of 1 October 1959. In addition to the construction of these buildings,there was also an expansion of Tiananmen square,and a campaign of art commissions to decorate the majority of the buildings by the time of their completion. Two subsequent art campaigns for these buildings were conducted in 1961,and 1964–1965.
Tiananmen Square or Tian'anmen Square is a city square in the city center of Beijing,China,named after the eponymous Tiananmen located to its north,which separates it from the Forbidden City. The square contains the Monument to the People's Heroes,the Great Hall of the People,the National Museum of China,and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in the square on October 1,1949;the anniversary of this event is still observed there. The size of Tiananmen Square is 765 x 282 meters. It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history.
The national flag of the People's Republic of China,also known as the Five-star Red Flag,is a Chinese red field with five golden stars charged at the canton. The design features one large star,with four smaller stars in an arc set off towards the fly. It has been the national flag of China since the foundation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The flag was designed by Zeng Liansong.
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were the first of their type shown in detail on Western television. The Chinese government's response was denounced across the world;a report by the U.S. State Department said:"Foreign governments have expressed near universal revulsion over the crackdown although a few exceptions have supported China's approaches. Negative reactions range from punitive measures by Western countries to private criticisms in the East." Specifically,it said:"China's credentials as a socialist reformer were being called into question not only by Western European communists but also by progressives in Eastern Europe and,to a lesser extent,the Soviet Union." Notably however,many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests;the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum,so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China,and to offer political empathy for the events. Criticism came from both Western and Eastern Europe,North America,Australia and some east Asian and Latin American countries. North Korea,Cuba,Czechoslovakia,and East Germany,among others,supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests. Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe,America,the Middle East,and Asia against the Chinese government.
The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power of the People's Republic of China. The NPC is the only branch of government in China,and per the principle of unified power,all state organs from the State Council to the Supreme People's Court (SPC) are subservient to it. With 2,977 members in 2023,it is the largest legislative body in the world. The NPC is elected for a term of five years. It holds annual sessions every spring,usually lasting from 10 to 14 days,in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
Yan Mingfu was a Chinese politician. His first prominent role in government began in 1985,when he was made leader of the United Front Work Department for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He held the position until the Politburo expelled him for his sympathies with the 1989 Tiananmen Square protestors. Yan returned to government work in 1991 when he became a vice minister of Civil Affairs.
The Great Hall of the People,also translated as the Chongqing People's Auditorium,located in central Chongqing,China,is a large hall for political meetings and cultural events. The hall is located in Yuzhong District,and serves as one of the architectural symbols of Chongqing. The exterior resembles the Temple of Heaven in Beijing.
The Huairen Hall or Huairentang is a building inside Zhongnanhai,the Chinese government's leadership compound in Beijing. It has been the site of several major events in Chinese history. Huairen Hall is the main meeting place of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and an alternate meeting place of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee. The building is also the meeting location of several of the CCP's leading groups such as the Financial and Economic Affairs Leading Group and the Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms. The building has a main auditorium that can seat approximately a thousand people as well as a conference room on the second floor that is used for smaller scale meetings.
The four-day Sino-Soviet Summit was held in Beijing from 15-18 May 1989. This would be the first formal meeting between a Soviet Communist leader and a Chinese Communist leader since the Sino-Soviet split in the 1950s. The last Soviet leader to visit China was Nikita Khrushchev in September 1959. Both Deng Xiaoping,the paramount leader of China,and Mikhail Gorbachev,General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,proclaimed that the summit was the beginning of normalized state-to-state relations. The meeting between Mikhail Gorbachev and then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),Zhao Ziyang,was hailed as the "natural restoration" of party-to-party relations.
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