Chinese people

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Chinese
Traditional Chinese 中國人
Simplified Chinese 中国人
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguóren
The Amis people are an indigenous Taiwanese ethnic group. Taiwan aborigine amis dance.jpg
The Amis people are an indigenous Taiwanese ethnic group.

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), recognizes 17 native Taiwanese ethnic groups as well as numerous other "New Immigrant" ethnic groups (mostly originating from mainland China and Southeast Asia). Of the 17 native Taiwanese ethnic groups, 16 are considered to be indigenous (Taiwanese indigenous peoples), [21] whereas one is considered to be non-native (Han Taiwanese). [22] There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in Taiwan.

The Han Taiwanese, who are Han Chinese people living in Taiwan, are usually categorized by the Taiwanese government into three main ethnic groups; the Taiwanese Hoklos, Taiwanese Hakkas, and waishengren (i.e. "Mainland Chinese people in Taiwan"). The Kinmenese and Matsunese peoples are two other significant Han Taiwanese ethnic groups.

The Taiwanese Hoklos and Hakkas are both considered to be "native" populations of Taiwan since they first began migrating to Taiwan in significant numbers from Fujian and Guangdong over 400 years ago (they first began migrating to Taiwan in minor numbers several centuries earlier). They are often collectively referred to in Taiwanese Mandarin as "Benshengren" (meaning "people from this province"). Those self-identifying as Hoklo culturally comprise approximately 70% of Taiwan's total population and the Hakkas comprise approximately 14% of Taiwan's total population.

Meanwhile, the so-called Mainlanders (Taiwanese) are mostly descended from people who migrated from mainland China to Taiwan during the 1940s and 1950s. They are often referred to in Taiwanese Mandarin as "Waishengren" (meaning "people from outside of this province"). The Mainlanders (Taiwanese) comprise approximately 14% of Taiwan's total population.

Collectively, the various Taiwanese indigenous peoples comprise approximately 2% of Taiwan's total population. The various Taiwanese indigenous peoples are believed to have been living in Taiwan for up to 6000 years prior to the colonization of Taiwan by China which began during the 17th century (CE).

Recognition by the Chinese government

The Han Taiwanese, Native Taiwanese (Benshengren), Hoklo Taiwanese, Hakka Taiwanese, Mainlander Taiwanese (Waishengren), Kinmenese, and Matsunese ethnic groups (all subtypes or branches of the Han Chinese ethnic group) are all unrecognized by the Chinese government. Furthermore, the sixteen Taiwanese indigenous peoples that are officially recognized by the Taiwanese government are also all unrecognized by the Chinese government. The Chinese government also doesn't recognize the ethnic designation "New Immigrant".

The Chinese government instead has its own ethnic designations for Taiwanese people. Han Taiwanese people are considered to be Han Chinese people (no distinction is made), whereas the various recognized and unrecognized (by Taiwan) Taiwanese indigenous peoples are collectively recognized (by China) to be "Gaoshanren" (i.e. "High Mountain People"). The Gaoshanren are one of the 56 officially-recognized ethnic groups of China.

Nationality, citizenship and residence

Tibetans in Qinghai People of Tibet46.jpg
Tibetans in Qinghai
Hui people in Xinjiang HuiChineseMuslim3.jpg
Hui people in Xinjiang

The Nationality law of the People's Republic of China regulates nationality within the PRC. A person obtains nationality either by birth when at least one parent is of Chinese nationality or by naturalization. All people holding nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of China. [23] The Resident Identity Card is the official form of identification for residents of the People's Republic of China.

Within the People's Republic of China, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport or Macao Special Administrative Region passport may be issued to Chinese nationals of Hong Kong or Macao, respectively.

The Nationality law of the Republic of China regulates nationality within the Republic of China (Taiwan). A person obtains nationality either by birth or by naturalization. A person with at least one parent who is a national of the Republic of China, or born in the ROC to stateless parents qualifies for nationality by birth. [24]

The National Identification Card is an identity document issued to people who have household registration in Taiwan. The Resident Certificate is an identification card issued to residents of the Republic of China who do not hold a National Identification Card.

The relationship between ROC nationality and PRC nationality is disputed. [25]

Overseas Chinese

Chinatown, Melbourne is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the western world and the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere. Melbourne China Town.jpg
Chinatown, Melbourne is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the western world and the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere.

Overseas Chinese refers to people of Chinese ethnicity or national heritage who live outside the People's Republic of China or Taiwan as the result of the continuing diaspora. [30] People with one or more Chinese ancestors may consider themselves overseas Chinese. [31] Such people vary widely in terms of cultural assimilation. In some areas throughout the world ethnic enclaves known as Chinatowns are home to populations of overseas Chinese.

In Southeast Asia, people of Chinese descent call themselves 華人 (Huárén) instead of (中國人Zhōngguórén) which commonly refers to the citizens of the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China. [32] This is especially so in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia. The term Zhongguoren has a more political or ideological aspect in its use; while many in China may use Zhongguoren to mean the Chinese ethnicity, some in Taiwan would refuse to be called Zhongguoren. [6]

See also

For countries with significant populations
For countries with noteworthy populations
Other countries with Chinese populations
Related topics of interest

Notes

  1. ↑ The Han, the Manchu, the Mongols, the Hui (applied to Muslims as a whole), and the Tibetans.

References

  1. ↑ Chandra Ford; Nina T Harawa (29 April 2010). "A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research". Soc Sci Med. 71 (2): 251–258. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008. PMC   2908006 . PMID   20488602.
  2. ↑ Harding, Harry (1993). "The Concept of "greater China": Themes, Variations and Reservations". The China Quarterly. 136 (136): 660–86. doi:10.1017/S030574100003229X. JSTOR   655587. S2CID   154522700.
  3. ↑ https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA Archived 27 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Chinese :生息、繁衍,居住在中国的本地人或者海外有中国血统的侨胞 Local people who live, reproduce, reside in China, or Chinese nationals of Chinese descent living overseas.
  4. ↑ https://cwn.ling.sinica.edu.tw/_process.asp?inputword=%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4H&radiobutton=1 Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine 普通名詞。中華民族的族人或中國大陸的人民。 noun, ethnic groups of Zhonghua Minzu, or people of China
  5. ↑ Pan, Lynn, ed. (April 1999). "Huaqiao". The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas. Harvard University Press. ISBN   0-674-25210-1. LCCN   98035466. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  6. 1 2 Hui-Ching Chang; Richard Holt (20 November 2014). Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China. Routledge. pp. 162–64. ISBN   978-1-135-04635-4. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  7. ↑ CIA Factbook Archived 13 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine : "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,379 billion (July 2017 est.)
  8. ↑ 中華民國國情簡介 [ROC Vital Information]. Executive Yuan (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2016. 臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97%
  9. ↑ Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 (PDF). Government Information Office. p. 36. ISBN   978-986-04-2302-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  10. 1 2 Zhang, Feng; Su, Bing; Zhang, Ya-ping; Jin, Li (22 February 2007). "Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1482): 987–996. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2028. PMC   2435565 . PMID   17317646.
  11. 1 2 Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago". PLOS One . 10 (5) e0125676. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025676Z. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125676 . PMC   4418768 . PMID   25938511.
  12. 1 2 Who are the Chinese people? Archived 6 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese). Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 26 April 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Han". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (Tenth ed.). Merriam-Webster. 1993.
  14. ↑ "Chinese". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (Tenth ed.). Merriam-Webster. 1993.
  15. ↑ Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Hong Kong: Longman, ISBN   978-962-359-085-3.
  16. ↑ Yang, Miaoyan (2017). Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu. Lexington Books (published 17 March 2017). p. 7. ISBN   978-1-4985-4463-4.
  17. ↑ Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing ideology and the rise of Modern Chinese national identity in the early twentieth century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (3). Sage: 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. S2CID   144587815. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  18. ↑ "Brief Introduction Chinese nationality". Chinatraveldepot.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  19. ↑ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. ISBN   978-0-231-13924-3.
  20. ↑ Jenner, W.J.F. (2004). "Race and history in China". In Alan Lawrance (ed.). China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform: a Sourcebook. Psychology Press. pp. 252–255. ISBN   978-0-415-25141-9. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  21. ↑ Copper, John F. (2014). Historical Dictionary of Taiwan (Republic of China). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN   978-1-4422-4307-1.
  22. ↑ "About Taiwan". Taiwan (official website). Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  23. ↑ "Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Article 33)". People's Daily Online. 2 May 1982. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  24. ↑ "Nationality Act". Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China. 27 January 2006. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "Nationality Act". National Immigration Agency, immigration.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  26. ↑ "Chinatown Melbourne". Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  27. ↑ "Melbourne's multicultural history". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  28. ↑ "World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns". Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  29. ↑ "The essential guide to Chinatown". Melbourne Food and Wine Festival. Food + Drink Victoria. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  30. ↑ Barabantseva, Elena (2010). Overseas Chinese, Ethnic Minorities and Nationalism: De-Centering China. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-136-92736-2.
  31. ↑ Park, Yoon Jung (2008). A Matter of Honour: Being Chinese in South Africa. Lexington Books. p. 155. ISBN   978-0-7391-3553-2.
  32. ↑ Beeson, Mark (2008). Contemporary Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118. ISBN   978-1-137-06880-4.
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