The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands are radio bands reserved internationally for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than telecommunications. Examples of applications in these bands include radio-frequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines. The powerful emissions of these devices can create electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio communication using the same frequency, so these devices are limited to certain bands of frequencies. In general, communications equipment operating in these bands must tolerate any interference generated by ISM applications, and users have no regulatory protection from ISM device operation.
Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency (SHF) or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight; they are blocked by hills and large buildings although the transmission through building walls is strong enough for indoor reception. They are used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless phones, and numerous other applications.
Frequency allocation is the allocation and regulation of the electromagnetic spectrum into radio frequency bands, which is normally done by governments in most countries. Because radio propagation does not stop at national boundaries, governments have sought to harmonise the allocation of RF bands and their standardization.
Base station is – according to the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – a "land station in the land mobile service."
The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 30 hertz to 300 GHz. Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in telecommunication. To prevent interference between different users, the generation and transmission of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), also called radio-frequency interference (RFI) when in the radio frequency spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction. The disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data. Both man-made and natural sources generate changing electrical currents and voltages that can cause EMI: ignition systems, cellular network of mobile phones, lightning, solar flares, and auroras. EMI frequently affects AM radios. It can also affect mobile phones, FM radios, and televisions, as well as observations for radio astronomy and atmospheric science.
Radiolocating is the process of finding the location of something through the use of radio waves. It generally refers to passive uses, particularly radar—as well as detecting buried cables, water mains, and other public utilities. It is similar to radionavigation, but radiolocation usually refers to passively finding a distant object rather than actively one's own position. Both are types of radiodetermination. Radiolocation is also used in real-time locating systems (RTLS) for tracking valuable assets.
Fixed-satellite service is – according to article 1.21 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as A radiocommunication service between earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the inter-satellite service; the fixed-satellite service may also include feeder links for other space radiocommunication services.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to telecommunication:
Earth exploration-satellite service is – according to Article 1.51 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radiocommunication service between earth stations and one or more space stations, which may include links between space stations, in which:
In telecommunications, a fixed service is a radiocommunication service between specified fixed points.
Standard frequency and time signal service is – according to Article 1.53 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radiocommunication service for scientific, technical and other purposes, providing the transmission of specified frequencies, time signals, or both, of stated high precision, intended for general reception.»
Aeronautical mobile (R) service is – according to Article 1.33 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «An aeronautical mobile service reserved for communications relating to safety and regularity of flight, primarily along national or international civil air routes.»
Radiodetermination-satellite service is – according to Article 1.41 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radiocommunication service for the purpose of radiodetermination involving the use of one or more space stations. This service may also include feeder links necessary for its own operation.»
A radionavigation-satellite service (RNSS) is "a radiodetermination-satellite service used for the purpose of radionavigation. This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation".
Standard frequency and time signal-satellite service is, according to Article 1.54 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR), defined as A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the standard frequency and time signal service.
Radiolocation-satellite service is – according to Article 1.49 of the International Telecommunication Union´s (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A radiodetermination-satellite service used for the purpose of radiolocation. This (radiocommunication) service may also include the feeder links necessary for its operation.»
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